Malignant Melanoma in the 21st Century, Part 1: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Screening, Prevention, and Diagnosis

Markovic, Svetomir N.; Erickson, Lori A.; Rao, Ravi A.; McWilliams, Robert R.; Kottschade, Lisa A.; Creagan, Edward T.; Weenig, Roger H.; Hand, Jennifer L.; Pittelkow, Mark R.; Pockaj, Barbara A.; Bardia, Aditya; Vachon, Celine M.; Schild, Steven E.; Laman, Susan D.; Maples, William J.; Pulido, José S.; Cameron, J. Douglas

doi:10.4065/82.3.364

Cited by 244 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 291 publications

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“…Malignant melanoma, the major fatal form of skin cancer, is an aggressive and refractory cancer derived from melanocytes 1. In recent years, the incidence of melanoma has been continuously increasing worldwide and becoming a huge public health issue 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving anticancer efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate gold nanoparticles in murine B16F10 melanoma cells

Chen¹,

Hsieh²,

Huang³

et al. 2014

DDDT

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(–)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major bioactive constituent in green tea, has been reported to effectively inhibit the formation and development of tumors. To maximize the effectiveness of EGCG, we attached it to nanogold particles (EGCG-pNG) in various ratios to examine in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo anti-cancer activity. EGCG-pNG showed improved anti-cancer efficacy in B16F10 murine melanoma cells; the cytotoxic effect in the melanoma cells treated with EGCG-pNG was 4.91 times higher than those treated with EGCG. The enhancement is achieved through mitochondrial pathway-mediated apoptosis as determined by annexin V assay, JC-10 staining, and caspase-3, -8, -9 activity assay. Moreover, EGCG-pNG was 1.66 times more potent than EGCG for inhibition of tumor growth in a murine melanoma model. In the hemolysis assay, the pNG surface conjugated with EGCG is most likely the key factor that contributes to the decreased release of hemoglobin from human red blood cells.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving anticancer efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate gold nanoparticles in murine B16F10 melanoma cells

Chen¹,

Hsieh²,

Huang³

et al. 2014

DDDT

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“…Malignant melanoma primarily metastasizes to lymph nodes, lungs, bone, liver, brain, and adrenals glands (1). The incidence of melanoma has increased steadily and rapidly worldwide (2,3). Primary melanoma can be cured by surgical resection (4); however, despite significant advances in treating melanoma over the past 2 decades, long-term survival is still low, with a 5-y survival rate of less than 10% for people with distant metastasis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

PET Imaging of Very Late Antigen-4 in Melanoma: Comparison of⁶⁸Ga- and⁶⁴Cu-Labeled NODAGA and CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A Conjugates

Beaino

Anderson

2014

J Nucl Med

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Melanoma is a malignant tumor derived from epidermal melanocytes, and it is known for its aggressiveness, therapeutic resistance, and predisposition for late metastasis. Very late antigen-4 (VLA-4; also called integrin α4β1) is a transmembrane noncovalent heterodimer overexpressed in melanoma tumors that plays an important role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis by promoting adhesion and migration of cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated 2 conjugates of a high-affinity VLA-4 peptidomimetic ligand, LLP2A, for PET/CT imaging in a subcutaneous and metastatic melanoma tumor. Methods LLP2A was conjugated to 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1-(methane phosphonic acid)-8-(methane carboxylic acid) (CB-TE1A1P) and 2-(4,7-bis(carboxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazonan-1-yl)pentanedioic acid (NODAGA) chelators for 68Ga and 64Cu labeling. The conjugates were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis, purified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and verified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Saturation and competitive binding assays with B16F10 melanoma cells determined the affinity of the compounds for VLA-4. The biodistributions of the LLP2A conjugates were evaluated in murine B16F10 subcutaneous tumor–bearing C57BL/6 mice. Melanoma metastasis was induced by intracardiac injection of B16F10 cells. PET/CT imaging was performed at 2, 4, and 24 h after injection for the 64Cu tracers and 1 h after injection for the 68Ga tracer. Results 64Cu-labeled CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A and NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A showed high affinity to VLA-4, with a comparable dissociation constant (0.28 vs. 0.23 nM) and receptor concentration (296 vs. 243 fmol/mg). The tumor uptake at 2 h after injection was comparable for the 2 probes, but 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A trended toward higher uptake than 64Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A (16.9 ± 2.2 vs. 13.4 ± 1.7 percentage injected dose per gram, P = 0.07). Tumor-to-muscle and tumor-to-blood ratios from biodistribution and PET/CT images were significantly higher for 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A than 64Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A (all P values < 0.05). PET/CT imaging of metastatic melanoma with 68Ga-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A and 64Cu-NODAGA-PEG4-LLP2A showed high uptake of the probes at the site of metastasis, correlating with the bioluminescence imaging of the tumor. Conclusion These data demonstrate that 64Cu-labeled CB-TE1A1P/NODAGA LLP2A conjugates and 68Ga-labeled NODAGA-LLP2A are excellent imaging agents for melanoma and potentially other VLA-4–positive tumors. 64Cu-CB-TE1A1P-PEG4-LLP2A had the most optimal tumor–to–nontarget tissue ratios for translation into humans as a PET imaging agent for melanoma.

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“…Persons with red or blond hair, light eyes, a higher number of so called common nevi or one and/or more dysplastic nevi including a positive personal and/or family history of melanoma, have a higher risk for occurrence of melanoma. Studies have shown that patients with surgically treated melanoma develop another primary skin melanoma in 5-10% of cases [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visualization of Different Morphological Structures within Pigmented Melanocytic Skin Lesion Melanoma: Case Studies

Drljević¹,

Drljević²

2017

J Pigment Disord

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Dermoscopy is valid, non-invasive technique for the visualization of different morphological structures within pigmented melanocytic skin lesion. In clinical practice, positive personal history is considered to be as an indication of increased melanoma risk. The thickness of melanoma (Breslow Index) is the most important independent predicting factor of survival for stage I patients. We aimed to present two cases of head-melanoma and discuss prominent clinical and dermoscopic features across the spectrum of "hidden-melanoma" and differential diagnosis.

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Malignant Melanoma in the 21st Century, Part 1: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Screening, Prevention, and Diagnosis

Cited by 244 publications

References 291 publications

Improving anticancer efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate gold nanoparticles in murine B16F10 melanoma cells

Improving anticancer efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate gold nanoparticles in murine B16F10 melanoma cells

PET Imaging of Very Late Antigen-4 in Melanoma: Comparison of⁶⁸Ga- and⁶⁴Cu-Labeled NODAGA and CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A Conjugates

Visualization of Different Morphological Structures within Pigmented Melanocytic Skin Lesion Melanoma: Case Studies

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Malignant Melanoma in the 21st Century, Part 1: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Screening, Prevention, and Diagnosis

Cited by 244 publications

References 291 publications

Improving anticancer efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate gold nanoparticles in murine B16F10 melanoma cells

Improving anticancer efficacy of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate gold nanoparticles in murine B16F10 melanoma cells

PET Imaging of Very Late Antigen-4 in Melanoma: Comparison of68Ga- and64Cu-Labeled NODAGA and CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A Conjugates

Visualization of Different Morphological Structures within Pigmented Melanocytic Skin Lesion Melanoma: Case Studies

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PET Imaging of Very Late Antigen-4 in Melanoma: Comparison of⁶⁸Ga- and⁶⁴Cu-Labeled NODAGA and CB-TE1A1P-LLP2A Conjugates