Malignant Melanoma

Abstract

Melanomas are a major cause of premature death from cancer. The gradual decrease in rates of morbidity and mortality has occurred as a result of public health campaigns and improved rates of early diagnosis. Survival of melanoma has increased to over 90%. Management of melanoma involves a number of components: excision, tumor staging, re-excision with negative margins, adjuvant therapies (chemo, radiation or surgery), treatment of stage IV disease, follow-up examination for metastasis, lifestyle modification and counseling. Sentinel lymph node status is an important prognostic factor for survival in patients with a melanoma >1 mm. However, sentinel lymph node biopsies have received partial support due to the limited data regarding the survival advantage of complete lymph node dissection when a micrometastasis is detected in the lymph nodes. Functional mutations in the mitogen-activated pathways are commonly detected in melanomas and these influence the growth control. Therapies that target these pathways are rapidly emerging, and are being shown to increase survival rates in patients. Access to these newer agents can be gained by participation in clinical trials after referral to a multidisciplinary team for staging and re-excision of the scar.

Phytodegradation potential of bisphenolA from aqueous solution by Azolla Filiculoides

“…Removal efficiency is reduced by increasing of BPA concentration which this result is agreed with another study [30]. According to the results, the maximum percentage of BPA removal was occurred at the initial concentration of 5 ppm; however, there is no significant difference in removal amount in concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm.…”

Vulvar and vaginal melanoma: A unique subclass of mucosal melanoma based on a comprehensive molecular analysis of 51 cases compared with 2253 cases of nongynecologic melanoma

“…20 In our study, a combination of NGS (covering exons [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and Sanger sequencing (covering exons 11 and 15) was used. Although some of the earlier studies had smaller sample sizes, we doubt this alone could account for such discrepancy.…”

“…12 Other agents have been evaluated, including platinum/taxane, interleukin-2, and temozolomide (an oral analog of dacarbazine), and all have yielded similar low responses without survival benefit. 13 Recent US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of ipilimumab (a monoclonal antibody that blocks cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated protein 4 [CTLA-4]), nivolumab and pembrolizumab (both checkpoint inhibitors that block programmed cell death 1 [PD-1] protein on cells), vemurafenib and dabrafenib (both BRAF inhibitors), as well as trametinib (a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase [MEK] inhibitor) has expanded traditional chemotherapeutic options for treatment and significantly improved outcomes in patients with advanced-stage, unresectable melanoma. However, no specific clinical trials have validated the effectiveness of these agents in VVM.…”

“…)KIT [11,13,17] Vulvar, n 5 11; vaginal/cervical, n 5 4 KIT[9,11,13,17,18] KIT[9,11,13,17] Urogenital, n5 15 c Not tested Not tested Urogenital, 7 (1/15) c Yun 2011 39 PCR/Sanger: BRAF [15], NRAS, KIT [11, 13, 17, 18] BRAF [15], NRAS [1, 2], KIT [11, 13, 17] Abbreviations: BRAF, B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase; KIT, KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase; NGS, next-generation sequencing; NRAS, neuroblastoma rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism; VVM, vulvar/ vaginal melanoma. )KIT [11,13,17] Vulvar, n 5 11; vaginal/cervical, n 5 4 KIT[9,11,13,17,18] KIT[9,11,13,17] Urogenital, n5 15 c Not tested Not tested Urogenital, 7 (1/15) c Yun 2011 39 PCR/Sanger: BRAF [15], NRAS, KIT [11, 13, 17, 18] BRAF [15], NRAS [1, 2], KIT [11, 13, 17] Abbreviations: BRAF, B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase; KIT, KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase; NGS, next-generation sequencing; NRAS, neuroblastoma rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism; VVM, vulvar/ vaginal melanoma.…”

Symmetry Extraction in High Sensitivity Melanoma Diagnosis

“…Melanomas are malignancies arising from melanocytes, mainly located on the skin (95%). Although they represent the 4% of the skin tumors, they cause 80% of deaths [1][2][3][4]. As in every cancer, its early detection is fundamental for recovery.…”