Malic enzyme: the controlling activity for lipid production? Overexpression of malic enzyme in Mucor circinelloides leads to a 2.5-fold increase in lipid accumulation

Zhang, Ying; Adams, Ian; Ratledge, Colin

doi:10.1099/mic.0.2006/002683-0

Cited by 244 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…It has been shown that malate plays a critical role in lipid biosynthesis in filamentous fungi, where it is irreversibly decarboxylated to pyruvate by malic enzyme with the formation of NADPH. Malic enzyme is suggested to be the major NADPH-generating enzyme required for providing reducing power for fatty acid synthase in Aspergillus nidulans and other lipid-storing fungi (Wynn and Ratledge, 1997;Wynn et al, 1999;Zhang et al, 2007). Light microscopy studies have shown that N. lolii hyphae accumulate lipid bodies in its hyphae in planta (Christensen et al, 2002), and in this study, lipids were increased in endophyteinfected plants.…”

Section: Effects Of Endophyte Infectionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Metabolic Profiles ofLolium perenneAre Differentially Affected by Nitrogen Supply, Carbohydrate Content, and Fungal Endophyte Infection

et al. 2008

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Lolium perenne cultivars differing in their capacity to accumulate water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) were infected with three strains of fungal Neotyphodium lolii endophytes or left uninfected. The endophyte strains differed in their alkaloid profiles. Plants were grown at two different levels of nitrogen (N) supply in a controlled environment. Metabolic profiles of blades were analyzed using a variety of analytical methods. A total of 66 response variables were subjected to a principle components analysis and factor rotation. The first three rotated factors (46% of the total variance) were subsequently analyzed by analysis of variance. At high N supply nitrogenous compounds, organic acids and lipids were increased; WSCs, chlorogenic acid (CGA), and fibers were decreased. The high-sugar cultivar 'AberDove' had reduced levels of nitrate, most minor amino acids, sulfur, and fibers compared to the control cultivar 'Fennema', whereas WSCs, CGA, and methionine were increased. In plants infected with endophytes, nitrate, several amino acids, and, magnesium were decreased; WSCs, lipids, some organic acids, and CGA were increased. Regrowth of blades was stimulated at high N, and there was a significant endophyte 3 cultivar interaction on regrowth. Mannitol, a fungal specific sugar alcohol, was significantly correlated with fungal biomass. Our findings suggest that effects of endophytes on metabolic profiles of L. perenne can be considerable, depending on host plant characteristics and nutrient supply, and we propose that a shift in carbon/N ratios and in secondary metabolite production as seen in our study is likely to have impacts on herbivore responses.

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Section: Effects Of Endophyte Infectionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Metabolic Profiles ofLolium perenneAre Differentially Affected by Nitrogen Supply, Carbohydrate Content, and Fungal Endophyte Infection

et al. 2008

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“…This is also supported by the calculation of the maximum theoretical yield of SCO produced per xylose molecule consumed, which is about 0.34 g/g (40). The culture conditions for biomass yield and lipid accumulation need to be optimized to achieve higher yields, and genetic modification of the strains can further improve productivity (7,32,63). The profiles of the fatty acid of the lipid were studied, and the straight-chain odd-carbon-number fatty acids were detected in the strains due to both type 1a fatty acid synthetase (FAS) and FAS II, responsible for fatty acid synthesis (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Engineering of a Xylose Metabolic Pathway in Rhodococcus Strains

Xiong

Wang

Chen

2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The two metabolically versatile actinobacteria Rhodococcus opacus PD630 and R. jostii RHA1 can efficiently convert diverse organic substrates into neutral lipids mainly consisting of triacylglycerol (TAG), the precursor of energy-rich hydrocarbon. Neither, however, is able to utilize xylose, the important component present in lignocellulosic biomass, as the carbon source for growth and lipid accumulation. In order to broaden their substrate utilization range, the metabolic pathway of D-xylose utilization was introduced into these two strains. This was accomplished by heterogenous expression of two well-selected genes, xylA, encoding xylose isomerase, and xylB, encoding xylulokinase from Streptomyces lividans TK23, under the control of the tac promoter with an Escherichia coli-Rhodococcus shuttle vector. The recombinant R. jostii RHA1 bearing xylA could grow on xylose as the sole carbon source, and additional expression of xylB further improved the biomass yield. The recombinant could consume both glucose and xylose in the sugar mixture, although xylose metabolism was still affected by the presence of glucose. The xylose metabolic pathway was also introduced into the high-lipid-producing strain R. opacus PD630 by expression of xylA and xylB. Under nitrogen-limited conditions, the fatty acid composition was determined, and lipid produced from xylose by recombinants of R. jostii RHA1 and R. opacus PD630 carrying xylA and xylB represented up to 52.5% and 68.3% of the cell dry weight (CDW), respectively. This work demonstrates that it is feasible to produce lipid from the sugars, including xylose, derived from renewable feedstock by genetic modification of rhodococcus strains.

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“…Acetyl-CoA and NADPH are two key factors in lipid metabolism. Acetyl-CoA is the essential building block and necessary precursor of fatty acids (30), and NADPH is the critical reducing agent and limiting factor in fatty acid synthesis (72). Based on the genome information, the phenylalanine catabolism pathway in M. alpina was constructed to map the utilization of phenylalanine (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Phenylalanine-Hydroxylating System in Aromatic Substance Degradation and Lipid Metabolism in the Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina

Wang

Chen

Hao

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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c Mortierella alpina is a filamentous fungus commonly found in soil that is able to produce lipids in the form of triacylglycerols that account for up to 50% of its dry weight. Analysis of the M. alpina genome suggests that there is a phenylalanine-hydroxylating system for the catabolism of phenylalanine, which has never been found in fungi before. We characterized the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system in M. alpina to explore its role in phenylalanine metabolism and its relationship to lipid biosynthesis. Significant changes were found in the profile of fatty acids in M. alpina grown on medium containing an inhibitor of the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system compared to M. alpina grown on medium without inhibitor. Genes encoding enzymes involved in the phenylalanine-hydroxylating system (phenylalanine hydroxylase [PAH], pterin-4␣-carbinolamine dehydratase, and dihydropteridine reductase) were expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli, and the resulting proteins were purified to homogeneity. Their enzymatic activity was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or visible (Vis)-UV spectroscopy. Two functional PAH enzymes were observed, encoded by distinct gene copies. A novel role for tetrahydrobiopterin in fungi as a cofactor for PAH, which is similar to its function in higher life forms, is suggested. This study establishes a novel scheme for the fungal degradation of an aromatic substance (phenylalanine) and suggests that the phenylalaninehydroxylating system is functionally significant in lipid metabolism.

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Malic enzyme: the controlling activity for lipid production? Overexpression of malic enzyme in Mucor circinelloides leads to a 2.5-fold increase in lipid accumulation

Cited by 244 publications

References 52 publications

Metabolic Profiles ofLolium perenneAre Differentially Affected by Nitrogen Supply, Carbohydrate Content, and Fungal Endophyte Infection

Metabolic Profiles ofLolium perenneAre Differentially Affected by Nitrogen Supply, Carbohydrate Content, and Fungal Endophyte Infection

Engineering of a Xylose Metabolic Pathway in Rhodococcus Strains

Role of the Phenylalanine-Hydroxylating System in Aromatic Substance Degradation and Lipid Metabolism in the Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina

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