Malformations of chicken embryos produced by boric acid and the probable role of riboflavin in their origin

Abstract

ELEVEN FIGURESIn earlier publications (Landauer, '47, 48) it was shown that at 96 and 120 hours of incubation the injection of insulin into the yolk sac of developing chicken embryos is followed by micromelia and abnormalities of the beak and that these malformations can be forestalled by giving nicotinamide as a supplement. We had at that time also made experiments

Chromium, Newly Discovered and Other Trace Elements

“…High dietary B has been shown to be detrimental to riboflavin, inducing riboflavinuria (Pinto et al, 1978). Newly hatched chicks treated with boric acid at 96 hr of incubation exhibited curled-toe paralysis, an abnormality associated with riboflavin deficiency (Landauer, 1952).…”

The Zoological Society of London

“…This last result is of interest since it had been shown by Johnson, Eyring & Kearns (1943) that sulphanilamide and ethyl carbamate combine in solution and that (at low temperature) the presence of the ethyl carbamate causes strong antagonism to sulphanilamide inhibition. Again, in earlier work we could ascribe to complexing of boric acid with riboflavin reduced teratogenicity of the complex compared to boric acid alone (Landauer, 1952(Landauer, , 1953. It seems very likely that in all such instances inability of the complex to attach itself to sites that would otherwise be responsible for interference with steps of morphogenesis accounted for 'protection'.…”

Carbon allocation of Spirodela polyrhiza under boron toxicity

“…B availability in water is low (0.1–1 mg B L −1 ) ( Wyness et al., 2003 ) and related to natural factors (weathering of rocks, leaching salt deposits, sea salt, and rainfall), industrial applications (such as glass and ceramic manufacture, insulation products, agrochemicals, and detergents), and effluents disposal of the drainage from coal mines, mining industry, and oil refinery due to the lack of legal regulation ( Adriano et al., 1980 ; Jahiruddin et al., 1998 ). The several applications of B in the industry are a concern, particularly regarding its untreated wastewater due to the environmental phytotoxicity, teratogenic reproduction, and growth effects ( Landauer, 1952 ; Butterwick et al., 1989 ; Smith and Anders, 1989 ; Davis et al., 2003 ; Camacho-cristóbal et al., 2008 ). Besides that, B availability may affect several metabolic pathways in plants, which leads to changes in physiological and morphological features involving cell wall synthesis and structure maintenance (cell size, rigidity, expandability, porosity, and tension strength) ( Matoh, 1997 ; Blevins and Lukaszewski, 1998 ; Camacho-cristóbal et al., 2008 ; Riaz et al., 2021 ).…”