Males armed with big weapons win fights at limited cost in ant-mimicking jumping spiders

Abstract

A core assumption of sexual selection theory is that sexually selected weapons, specialized morphological structures used directly in male contests, can improve an individual’s reproductive success but only if the bearer can overcome associated costs, the negative effects on the bearer’s fitness components. However, recent studies have shown that producing and wielding exaggerated weapons may not necessarily be costly. Rather, some traits can be selected for supporting, or compensating for, the expense of producing and wielding such exaggerated weapons. In the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne gisti, exaggerated chelicerae are borne only by adult males and not females, showing sexual dimorphism and steep positive allometry with body size. Here, we determine the potential benefits of bearing exaggerated chelicerae during male contests and explore the potential for costs in terms of prey-capture efficiency and compensation between chelicera size and neighbouring trait size. While males with longer chelicerae won most of their male-male contests, we found no significant differences in prey-capture efficiency between males and females regardless of whether prey were winged or flightless. Males’ elongated chelicerae thus do not impede their efficiency at capturing prey. Furthermore, we found that the sizes of all neighbouring traits are positively correlated with chelicera size, suggesting that these traits may be under correlational selection. Taken together, our findings suggest that M. gisti males armed with the exaggerated chelicerae that function as weapons win more fights at limited cost for performance in prey-capture and compensate for neighbouring structures.

Exaggerated mandibles are correlated with enhanced foraging efficacy in male Auckland tree wētā

“…Although exaggerated traits can decrease [11,12,47] or have no effect [20] on the performance of functional activities, these hypotheses were not supported here. We suggest a third scenario whereby exaggerated traits can enhance functional activities.…”

“…chelae [9]), and the efficacy of mouth parts that are adapted for fighting is unclear (e.g. jumping spider Myrmarachne lupata [19] and M. gisiti [20]). Exaggerated feeding appendages therefore hold two functionally different roles and may generate conflict between natural and sexual selection.…”