Maleic anhydride polypropylene modified cellulose nanofibril polypropylene nanocomposites with enhanced impact strength

Peng, Yucheng; Gallegos, Sergio A.; Gardner, Douglas J.; Han, Yousoo; Cai, Zhiyong

doi:10.1002/pc.23235

Cited by 66 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Impact strength decreased significantly by adding cellulose particles because the cellulose particles were not well distributed through the sample using the internal batch mixing process. Optimized mixing processes with improved distribution of cellulose particles will be necessary to explore the potential of using cellulose materials, especially CNF and CNC, in reinforcing PA6 (Peng et al 2014). Simultaneously, the SEM micrographs showed that the spray-dried CNF and CNC had a good quality of dispersion in the areas where CNF and CNC particles mostly located and there was no agglomeration among the cellulose particles, which indicated that spray-dried cellulose materials could be a good candidate for reinforcement in polymer based composites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of mechanical and morphological properties of cellulose reinforced polyamide 6 composites

2015

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The utilization of cellulose in reinforcing engineering thermoplastics through melt compounding processes is an argumentative topic in the natural fiber research community. Three different cellulosic materials were used to reinforce polyamide 6 (PA6) at three loading levels (2.5, 5 and 10 % by weight): (1) microcrystalline cellulose, (2) spray-dried cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) and (3) spray-dried cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). The particle size, morphology, and thermostability of cellulose were determined using laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. Compounding of cellulose with PA6 was conducted using a batch mixer at 232°C and testing samples were produced using an injection molder at 270°C. Slight mass loss of cellulose was observed at 232°C while serious thermal degradation occurred at 270°C. No serious thermal degradation of cellulose was observed in the composites because the cellulose materials were exposed to injection molding processing temperatures for a short time period. The mechanical testing results indicated that tensile modulus and strength of the composites were improved by adding cellulose while cellulose had negligible effect on the flexural properties. Impact strength decreased significantly by adding cellulose because of the poor distribution of cellulose particles throughout the matrix using the batch mixing process. Optimized mixing with improved distribution of cellulose are necessary to explore the potential reinforcing effect of cellulose, especially CNF and CNC in PA6. The SEM micrographs showed that there were no agglomerations among the cellulose particles, indicating that spray-dried cellulose materials could be suitable reinforcements in polymer-based composites.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of mechanical and morphological properties of cellulose reinforced polyamide 6 composites

2015

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“…The L/D of this extruder is 40/1. Previous work in our research group used a C. W. Brabender Prep Mixer (C. W. Brabender Instruments, South Hackensack, NJ) to prepare a PP masterbatch . The mixing method resulted in good distribution of CNF into the PP matrix.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cellulose nanofibers are generally categorized as cellulose nanofibrils (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and bacterial cellulose (BC), depending on their production process . Unlike CNC and BC, CNF is lower in cost and better for mechanical reinforcing materials, thus have garnered more attention .Well‐dispersed CNF in a polymer matrix increases the modulus of the matrix, and also can maintain or increase the impact strength of the matrix which, on the other hand, has been reported to drop by the addition of natural fibers . Polypropylene (PP), one of the most widely used thermoplastics, is difficult to print using material extrusion because of its shrinkage and warping behavior during printing .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose nanofibril‐reinforced polypropylene composites for material extrusion: Rheological properties

Wang

Gardner

Bousfield

2017

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Polypropylene (PP) is not typically utilized in 3D printing material extrusion because PP shrinks and warps during the printing process. Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) have the potential to make PP 3D printer processable and also enhance mechanical properties of PP printed parts. The rheological behavior of CNF-PP composites during material extrusion requires study because it is different from injection molding and compression molding processes. This study revealed the effects of CNF contents (3 and 10 wt%) and maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) coupling agent on the rheological properties of CNF-PP composites. Morphological analysis showed that CNF agglomerated during spray drying and a spherical structure was formed. Rheological tests showed that the elastic modulus, complex viscosity, viscosity, and transient flow shear stress of PP were increased by the addition of 10 wt% CNF, while the creep strain of PP was reduced. The damping factor and stress relaxation time remained the same when 10 wt% CNF was added to the PP. Incorporation of MAPP into the CNF-PP composites impacted the rheological properties of the CNF-PP composites. Flexural strength and modulus of PP were improved by 5.9% and 26.8% by adding 10 wt% CNF compared to the control. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:793-801, 2018.

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“…The glass transition of reinforced starch was higher than pure starch. Peng et al made CNFs/PP nanocomposite through melt compounding and extrusion with maleic anhydride polypropylene as the coupling agent [88]. Increases of 36 % in tensile modulus, 21 % in flexural modulus, and 23 % in impact strength were observed for reinforced PP at a fiber content of 6 wt%.…”

Section: New Developments Cellulose Nanocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood–Plastic Composite Technology

2015

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Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are a form of composite combining wood-based elements with polymers. The processes for manufacturing WPCs include extrusion, injection molding, and compression molding or thermoforming (pressing). Newer manufacturing processes for WPCs include additive manufacturing via fused layer modeling and laser sintering. An important constraint for polymers used in WPCs is requiring process conditions (melt temperature, pressure) that will not thermally degrade the wood filler. Wood degrades around 220°C; thus, generalpurpose polymers like polyethylene and poly vinyl chloride are typically used for manufacturing WPCs. Wood fibers are inherently hydrophilic because of the hydroxyl groups contained in the cellulose and hemicellulose molecular chains. Thus, modification of the wood fiber via chemical or physical treatments is very critical to making improved WPCs. The most abundant profiles made from wood-plastic composites are boards or lumber used in outdoor decking applications. Although early WPC products were mainly extruded for profiled sections, nowadays, many injected parts made of WPC are being introduced for various industries, including electrical casings, packaging, daily living supplies, and civil engineering applications. Mold and mildew and color fading of WPCs tend to be the durability issues of prime importance for WPCs. Most recent research on WPC durability focuses on studies to better understand the mechanisms contributing to various degradation issues as well as methods to improve durability. Most WPC products in the USA are utilized in building materials with few exceptions for residential and commercial building applications, which means that building codes are the most important national rules for the WPC manufacturers. New developments are being made especially in the area of nano additives for WPCs including nanocellulose. Recently, the trend of patent registrations for WPCs has shifted to new products or applications instead of the materials itself.

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Maleic anhydride polypropylene modified cellulose nanofibril polypropylene nanocomposites with enhanced impact strength

Cited by 66 publications

References 57 publications

Characterization of mechanical and morphological properties of cellulose reinforced polyamide 6 composites

Characterization of mechanical and morphological properties of cellulose reinforced polyamide 6 composites

Cellulose nanofibril‐reinforced polypropylene composites for material extrusion: Rheological properties

Wood–Plastic Composite Technology

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