Male breast disease1

Wise, Gilbert J.; Roorda, Andrew K.; Kalter, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.09.042

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…In the male, breast development normally does not proceed beyond the stage of the infant breast. Thus, the male breast essentially consists of blunt‐ending rudimentary ducts embedded in fibrous tissue and periductal fat (49). That these structures nevertheless possess the potential for female‐like breast development is seen under certain pathological conditions leading to breast enlargement – gynecomastia.…”

Section: Breast Tissue Development and Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That these structures nevertheless possess the potential for female‐like breast development is seen under certain pathological conditions leading to breast enlargement – gynecomastia. While most often restricted to ductal ramifications, in some instances lobules develop as well (49). This potential is further substantiated by a study of male‐to‐female transsexuals undergoing castration and estrogen treatment.…”

Section: Breast Tissue Development and Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

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In search of a stem cell hierarchy in the human breast and its relevance to breast cancer evolution

Villadsen

2005

APMIS

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Villadsen R. In search of a stem cell hierarchy in the human breast and its relevance to breast cancer evolution. APMIS 2005;113:903-21. By deliberate analogy with the well-established concept of hematopoiesis, the term ''mammopoiesis'' is occasionally used to describe the development of the different cellular lineages and functional units in the mammary gland. The use of this term signifies a strong bias towards the idea that tissue homeostasis during mammary development, pregnancy, lactation and involution is brought about by the action of somatic stem cells characterized by longevity and multipotency. The progenies hereof eventually differentiate into structurally and functionally well-defined ductal-lobular units. During the past two decades evidence of such a notion in the mouse has developed from being largely circumstantial based on non-clonal in vivo experiments to a quite elaborate characterization of individual candidate stem cells by a number of different properties. Within tumor biology this has led to a renaissance of the concept of tumors as caricatures of tissue renewal. Thus, recent molecular classification of breast cancer based on genome wide expression analysis operates with different subtypes with specific reference to the normal luminal epithelial and myoepithelial/basal lineages in the breast. Apparently some tumors are lineage restricted and others differentiate more broadly as if they have preserved some stem-like properties. This holds promise for the existence of a stem cell hierarchy, the understanding of which may prove to be instrumental in further dissecting the histogenesis of breast cancer evolution. Most attention has been devoted to the question of different cellular origins of cancer subtypes and different susceptibilities of possible stem cells to gain or loss of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, respectively. Invaluable progress has been made over the past two decades in culture technology not only in terms of population doubling and clonal growth, but also the availability of lineage specific markers, cell sorting, and three-dimensional functional assays for tissue specific morphogenesis. Transcriptional profiling of stem cell zones has unraveled a hitherto unknown preservation of signaling pathways for maintenance of stem cell properties across tissue boundaries and species. Somatic stem cells have therefore been narrowed down to specific anatomic locations not only in rapidly renewing tissues such as skin and skin derivatives, but also in tissues with slower turnover times, such as lung, kidney and prostate. It is therefore now possible to integrate this information in a search for similar cells within the breast. Even if cell turnover after birth is provided exclusively by dividing lineage-restricted cells, more information about the robustness of breast differentiation programs during tumor progression is still very much required. Complete knowledge of the primary cell of origin of breast cancer and the mechanisms that influence differentiation programs during tum...

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Section: Breast Tissue Development and Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Breast Tissue Development and Homeostasismentioning

confidence: 99%

In search of a stem cell hierarchy in the human breast and its relevance to breast cancer evolution

Villadsen

2005

APMIS

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“…Hormonal factors increased estrogen levels are related to MBc (23). drugs (prescription and those of abuse) no clear explanation in the absence of randomised trials (8,19,20,33).…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…a number of drugs have been associated with the development of gynaecomastia, but the associated mechanisms are not fully understood. These drugs include illegal narcotics such as marijuana, heroin and amphetamines, but also many prescription drugs, such as peptic ulcer, cardiovascular and psychoactive drugs, and even antibiotics (8,19,20,33). More recently, it has been reported that HiV-positive patients tend to develop gynaecomastia as a result of HaarT, an anti-HiV drug (34).…”

Section: Testicular Tumoursmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditions of the male breast: Gynaecomastia and male breast cancer (Review)

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Breast disease most commonly affects females; however, a small percentage of men are also affected. understandably given its low incidence, awareness of male breast disease is low, particularly among the general population. We searched the Medline database from 1950 onwards using the search terms male, breast, neoplasms and gynaecomastia, and reviewed the conditions associated with male breast disease, examining some of the risk factors and discussing how these conditions are diagnosed and treated, and finally putting forward some suggestions for their future management.

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“…Also, pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is diagnosed less frequently in males since this is a lesion that is found more often in females by screening mammography. Tubular, mucinous, medullary, and papillary carcinomas have all been reported in males (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Management of Male Breast Cancer in the Community Hospital Setting

Wertkin

2006

Breast Journal

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Male breast disease1

Cited by 28 publications

References 92 publications

In search of a stem cell hierarchy in the human breast and its relevance to breast cancer evolution

In search of a stem cell hierarchy in the human breast and its relevance to breast cancer evolution

Conditions of the male breast: Gynaecomastia and male breast cancer (Review)

Diagnosis and Management of Male Breast Cancer in the Community Hospital Setting

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