Male Body Image in Taiwan Versus the West: <i>Yanggang Zhiqi</i> Meets the Adonis Complex

Yang, Chi‐Fu Jeffrey; Gray, Peter B.; Pope, Harrison G.

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.263

Cited by 159 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Terrestrial primates may be more vulnerable to sexual coercion than arboreal primates or birds; the larger body sizes of many terrestrial primates may have been favored in contexts of male-male contest competition (i.e., fighting), but can incidentally or adaptively be used for coercive behavior of females too. In this vein, it has been noted that female assessments of human male secondary sexual characteristics such as muscle mass or voice pitch tend to favor less extreme phenotypes than are favored by males (Yang et al, 2005;Puts, 2010). These data are consistent with sexual conflicts of interest: males might favor more extremes of muscularity in contexts of male-male competition, but females prefer less extremes because male musculature could also be used for coercion.…”

Section: Sexual Conflictmentioning

confidence: 64%

Evolution and human sexuality

Gray

2013

American J Phys Anthropol

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The aim of this review is to put core features of human sexuality in an evolutionary light. Toward that end, I address five topics concerning the evolution of human sexuality. First, I address theoretical foundations, including recent critiques and developments. While much traces back to Darwin and his view of sexual selection, more recent work helps refine the theoretical bases to sex differences and life history allocations to mating effort. Second, I consider central models attempting to specify the phylogenetic details regarding how hominin sexuality might have changed, with most of those models honing in on transitions from a possible chimpanzee-like ancestor to the slightly polygynous and long-term bonded sociosexual partnerships observed among most recently studied hunter-gatherers. Third, I address recent genetic and physiological data contributing to a refined understanding of human sexuality. As examples, the availability of rapidly increasing genomic information aids comparative approaches to discern signals of selection in sexuality-related phenotypes, and neuroendocrine studies of human responses to sexual stimuli provide insight into homologous and derived mechanisms. Fourth, I consider some of the most recent, large, and rigorous studies of human sexuality. These provide insights into sexual behavior across other national samples and on the Internet. Fifth, I discuss the relevance of a life course perspective to understanding the evolution of human sexuality. Most research on the evolution of human sexuality focuses on young adults. Yet humans are sexual beings from gestation to death, albeit in different ways across the life course, and in ways that can be theoretically couched within life history theory. Am J Phys Anthropol 57:94-118, 2013. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The aim of this review is to put core features of human sexuality in an integrative, evolutionary light. Given the central importance of sexuality to the evolutionary imperative-reproductive success-there is strong theoretical impetus for understanding how evolution has shaped human sexuality in the past, and for how the influence of past selective forces continue to manifest in the present. For biological anthropologists, interdisciplinary social and biomedical scientists, and even wider audiences, questions about human sexuality can be among the most compelling and meaningful, another reason to try informing answers to fundamental questions of human sexuality with the most scientifically supported and current views. An understanding of human sexuality is central to topics as diverse as predicting the dynamics of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) outbreak to the reasons why people pour so much of their time and resources into mating effort. Human sexuality, as much as any other topical focus within biological anthropology, warrants ongoing evolutionary scrutiny.For several reasons, this is arguably an opportune time for providing a current overview of the evolution of human sexuality. For one, many of the foundati...

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Section: Sexual Conflictmentioning

confidence: 64%

Evolution and human sexuality

Gray

2013

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…reviewing scientific studies on that subject, we have found that marathonists and runners have been studied but individuals who practice strength training haven not [13][14][15] . On the other hand, vigorexy has often been studied on subjects who take anabolic steroids but has not been analyzed in specific groups concerning their psychological characteristics and comorbidity [16][17][18] . Frequency of weekly sessions and length of time of physical activities have also been disregarded.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vigorexia e níveis de dependência de exercício em frequentadores de academias e fisiculturistas

Soler

Fernandes

Damasceno

et al. 2013

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Introduction: Currently, good appearance is a synonym to success, health and determination. So as to, the modern society overwhelms the individuals to follow beauty stereotypes. The heritage of this capitalist and selfish society is the psychological appearance disorders and the psychological dependence associated with them. Among these, we can mention vigorexy and exercise dependence. Objectives: I) to compare vigorexy levels and exercise dependence among gym goers and bodybuilders, II) to correlate the variables on physical practice (time of practice, weekly frequency and sessions time) to the frequency dimensions of vigorexy and exercise dependence; and, III) to compare vigorexy levels according to the exercise dependence groups (dependent or in risk, not symptomatic dependent and not asymptomatic dependent). Methods: The sample was composed of 151 male gym goers (27.66 ± 6.54-year-old and 27.56 ± 5.03 BMI) and 25 bodybuilders (30.80 ± 5.54-year-old and 26.72 ± 4.24 BMI). The participants answered the Exercise Dependence Scale and the Muscle Dysmorphia Disorder Inventory. The statistical analysis involved descriptive, univariated normality, comparative and correlational analyses. results: The main results were: I) absence of differences between gym goers and bodybuilders concerning vigorexy levels and exercise dependence, II) training session time is positively correlated with most of the dimensions of the exercise dependence, and, III) the group classified as dependent or in risk reveals medium superior levels of vigorexy. Conclusion: lastly, it was found that both in bodybuilders and gym goers, the higher the vigorexy level, the higher the exercise dependence with this correlation in bodybuilders.

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“…The status of the huge masculine body has changed over the years (cf. Yang, et al, 2005). In the 1990s and especially in the beginning of 2000s, the negative effects of steroids and drug use were thoroughly investigated, and today there are controls at many gyms.…”

Section: The Subculture Of Bodybuildingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fitness Revolution. Historical Transformations in the Global Gym and Fitness Culture

Andreasson¹,

Johansson²

2014

Sport Science Review

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T oday, fitness gyms and private health clubs are a huge global business. Fitness has turned into a folk movement, but not one comparable to the old 20th-century movements, often connected to national sentiments, but instead a highly individualized preoccupation. In this article the historical development of modern gym and fitness culture is described and an analytically developed approach to the understanding of the emergence of this multi-billion-dollar phenomenon is developed. The analysis suggest that the techniques, tools, and physical exercises used today in gyms all over the world are the results of a physical culture developed and refined during the 20th century. The body ideals, exercises, techniques, and the pedagogy of fitness have become an increasingly international enterprise. A tentative analysis of the globalization of gym and fitness culture is developed and presented. Three important and decisive phases in the globalization of gym and fitness culture are identified and analyzed.

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Male Body Image in Taiwan Versus the West: Yanggang Zhiqi Meets the Adonis Complex

Cited by 159 publications

References 41 publications

Evolution and human sexuality

Evolution and human sexuality

Vigorexia e níveis de dependência de exercício em frequentadores de academias e fisiculturistas

The Fitness Revolution. Historical Transformations in the Global Gym and Fitness Culture

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