Male and female blastocysts: any difference other than the sex?

Carrasco, Beatriz; Pons, María Carme; Parriego, M; Boada, Montserrat; García, Sandra; Polyzos, Nikolaos P.; Veiga, Anna

doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.05.004

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…ART has expanded our knowledge about the initial stages of human reproduction, resulting in a gradual increase in the effectiveness of infertility treatments; however, while the birth of a living child is the gold standard for monitoring the results of IVF treatment, the gender of the offspring is rarely mentioned (1). This bypass is surprising since most published studies indicate shifts in the human sex ratio of children born after IVF, but do not explain this phenomenon (3)(4)(5)(6)(7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

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A relationship between progesterone, maternal body weight, and offspring sex following the frozen/thawed single embryo transfer.

Ciepiela,

Czech,

Wójcik

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background/Objectives: to investigate a possible relationship between women’s age, serum progesterone concentration (PRG), and body weight expressed by body mass index (BMI) on the day of embryo frozen/thawed transfer (FET), and the sex of the newborn baby. Subjects/Methods: A retrospective cohort study concerning children born after FET cycles conducted in one fertility clinic between January 2018 and September 2022. Out of 2,502 FET cycles, a group of 928 patients who underwent the transfer of the first best embryo from all frozen embryos, was extracted. All patients aged 23–46 qualified for FET during the study period were considered eligible. Cases where two embryos were transferred, and cycles where no data on progesterone concentration or embryos frozen at the cleavage stage were excluded from the study. Results: Odds ratio (OR) of maternal age (OR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.94–1.00; p = 0.064), PRG (OR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.77–1.30; p = 0.988), and BMI (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.98–1.05; p = 0.478) were not found to be associated with childbirth. Moreover, the maternal age did not have a statistically significant effect on the likelihood of giving birth to a female child (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.95–1.02; p = 0.495) or a male child (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.94–1.01; p = 0.128). However, the study found that increased levels of PRG over 20 ng/ml (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.01–1.89; p = 0.044) and increased maternal BMI (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.10; p = 0.007) significantly raised the chance of giving birth to a girl. Conversely, PRG levels less than 20 ng/ml are associated with lower odds of male birth (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.53–0.99; p = 0.044), and higher maternal BMI is associated with an almost statistically-significant lower chance of male birth (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92–1.00; p = 0.067). Conclusion: Higher BMI and PRG levels positively predicted female childbirth; conversely, elevated levels negatively predicted male delivery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Studies describing the secondary sex ratio (SSR) (the ratio of male-to-female live births) at various stages of the IVF process bring contradictory results. Carrasco et al found that more male than female embryos develop to the blastocyst stage, and that male blastocysts exhibit a higher aneuploidy rate (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A relationship between progesterone, maternal body weight, and offspring sex following the frozen/thawed single embryo transfer.

Ciepiela,

Czech,

Wójcik

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Carrasco et al showed that more male embryos developed to the BL stage in a retrospective study; however, more aneuploidies were observed in male BL in a PGT program [ 50 ]. In the study by Alfarawati et al, 72% of BLs attaining the highest morphologic scores were male [ 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diameter of Human Day Five Blastocysts and Birth Sex

Hajder,

Doehmen,

Kruessel

et al. 2024

Cureus

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Background This study aimed to evaluate the offspring sex ratio, born through fresh and cryo-thawed single blastocyst (BL) transfers regarding a single morphological, static parameter, namely, BL diameter. Methodology This retrospective, observational study was conducted at an assisted reproductive technology (ART) center, Kinderwunschzentrum Niederrhein Germany. We conducted a statistical analysis of all births resulting from fresh and thawed in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles after a single embryo transfer (SET). The main outcome measure was the offspring sex ratio after SET of a day five BL in relation to the BL diameter measurement. Results There were more female than male babies born in our study. We observed a tendency for BL to have a higher diameter, resulting in female offspring, which was not statistically relevant. We also compared the BL diameter in the fresh embryo transfer (ET) group with that of the cryo-thawed ET group, showing a tendency toward a larger diameter in the fresh ET group. In the ICSI cycles, there was a higher tendency for a larger BL diameter when compared to IVF cycles. In the fresh ET cycles, BL leading to the male sex at birth had a tendency toward a larger diameter than the female BL. In the cryo-thaw ET cycles, BL leading to the female sex had a tendency toward a larger diameter than the male BL. Conclusions Our results showed a tendency in the sex of offspring toward the female sex and no significant difference in the BL diameter of BL leading to birth after ART and consecutive transfer of day five BL.

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