Malathion exposure studies. Determination of mono- and dicarboxylic acids and alkyl phosphates in urine

Bradway, Diane E.; Shafik, Talaat M.

doi:10.1021/jf60214a002

Cited by 57 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Since the 1970s, urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP pesticides have been quantified in human urine as a dosimeter for exposure and bodily adsorption of OP pesticides (Bradway and Shafik, 1977;Reid and Watts, 1981;Bardarov and Mitewa, 1989;Fenske and Leffingwell, 1989;Weisskopf and Seiber, 1989;Drevenkar et al, 1991;Aprea et al, 1994Aprea et al, , 1996aAprea et al, , b, 1999Aprea et al, , 2000Davies and Peterson, 1997;Loewenherz et al, 1997;Moate et al, 1999;Simcox et al, 1999. Fenske et al, 2000Hardt and Angerer, 2000;Heudorf and Angerer, 2001;Lu et al, 2001;Oglobline et al, 2001a, b;Bravo et al, 2002;CDC, 2002;Cocker et al, 2002;Garfitt et al, 2002a, b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in human urine using lyophilization with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution quantification

Bravo

Caltabiano

Weerasekera

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

157

153

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Urinary dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites have been used to estimate human exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. We developed a method for quantifying the six DAP urinary metabolites of at least 28 organophosphorus pesticides using lyophilization and chemical derivatization followed by analysis using isotope-dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Urine samples were spiked with stable isotope analogues of the DAPs and the water was removed from the samples using a lyophilizer. The dried residue was dissolved in acetonitrile and diethyl ether, and the DAPs were chemically derivatized to their respective chloropropyl phosphate esters. The chloropropyl phosphate esters were concentrated, and analyzed using GC-MS/MS. The limits of detection of the method were in the low mg/l (parts per billion) to mid pg/ml range (parts per trillion) with coefficients of variation of 7-14%. The use of stable isotope analogues as internal standards for each of these metabolites allows for sample-specific adjustment for recovery and thus permits a high degree of accuracy and precision. Use of this method with approximately 1100 urine samples collected from pregnant women and children indicate that the low limits of detection allow this method to be used in general population studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in human urine using lyophilization with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution quantification

Bravo

Caltabiano

Weerasekera

et al. 2004

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

157

153

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“…Both MDA and 2,4 -D have been analyzed using GC with electron -capture detection (GC -ECD ), NPD or GC -MS (Bradway and Shafik, 1977;Fenske and Leffingwell, 1989;Draper et al, 1991;Hill et al, 1995a;Aprea et al, 1997a ). These methods require a derivatization step that can be time -consuming and often requires additional cleanup steps to improve sensitivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of selected pesticide metabolites in human urine using isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Baker

Barr

Driskell

et al. 2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The annual domestic use of pesticides is continually increasing, virtually ensuring that everyone is exposed to some level of pesticides on a regular basis through diet or environment. The potential developmental and physical adverse effects these chronic pesticide exposures have on children are of increasing concern. To adequately evaluate the potential adverse effects resulting from these exposures, accurate methods to measure the amount of the pesticide absorbed by the body must be developed. We have developed a sensitive method to measure the urinary metabolites of atrazine, diazinon, malathion, 2,4 -dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ( 2,4 -D ) , and certain synthetic pyrethroids in human urine. In our method, stable isotopically labeled analogues of the metabolites were spiked into the urine, which was subsequently extracted at both a neutral and acidic pH using organic solvents. The extracts were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry ( HPLC -MS / MS ) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Our method has limits of detection ranging from 20 to 500 ng / l ( parts per trillion ) and relative standard deviations of less than 11%. This method has been used to measure the internal doses of these pesticides in both adults and children ( n = 130 ) with no documented exposure to the pesticides. We detected atrazine and synthetic pyrethroid metabolites in less than 12% of the samples analyzed. The metabolites of 2,4 -D, malathion, and diazinon were detected in 22%, 32%, and 57% of the samples, respectively. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology ( 2000 ) 10, 789 ± 798.

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“…It is thus evident that a major amount of it used in agroforestry or for medical purposes remains exposed to the environment. Bio-monitoring exposures to malathion has been accomplished by the determination of dimethyl thiophosphate (DMTP), dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP) (Shafik and Enos, 1969;Shafik et al, 1971Shafik et al, , 1973 or the carboxylesterase metabolites, malathion ␣-monoacid (␣-MMA) and malathion diacid (MDA) (Bradway and Shafik, 1977). Muan and Share (1987) have described an anion exchange, solid phase extraction procedure for malathion metabolites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of metabolites of malathion in plant, water and soil by GC-MS

Kaur¹,

Mathur

Tandom

et al. 1997

Biomed. Chromatogr.

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Metabolism of malathion (O,O,‐dimethyl S‐[1,2‐bis(ethoxy carbonyl)‐ethyl]phosphorodithioate) has been studied in plants, water and soil. A number of products identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), have been formed by de‐esterification, oxidation and hydrolysis of malathion. Hydrolysis of the P–S and C–S bonds occur in alkaline pH 8.0 and acidic pH 5.5, respectively. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Malathion exposure studies. Determination of mono- and dicarboxylic acids and alkyl phosphates in urine

Cited by 57 publications

References 4 publications

Measurement of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in human urine using lyophilization with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution quantification

Measurement of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides in human urine using lyophilization with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution quantification

Quantification of selected pesticide metabolites in human urine using isotope dilution high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Identification of metabolites of malathion in plant, water and soil by GC-MS

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