Malassezia Fungi Are Specialized to Live on Skin and Associated with Dandruff, Eczema, and Other Skin Diseases

Saunders, Charles W.; Scheynius, Annika; Heitman, Joseph

doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002701

Cited by 176 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…are a ubiquitous component of the human skin microbiome and are associated with a myriad of skin problems [13]. With the use of modern genomic and systems biology tools, new insights could be gained in the interaction between humans and these eukaryotes which are most intimately associated thus leading to perspectives on the duality of their symbiotic and antagonistic relationship.…”

Section: Etiology Of Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Seborrheic Dermatitis

Argirov¹,

Bakardzhiev²

2017

CRDOA

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Seborrheic dermatitis represents a chronic, widespread skin disease that is considered a multifactorial disorder influenced, in part, by Malassezia spp.opportunistic activities as well as by various endogenous and exogenous factors. This review systematizes the recent scientific achievements in the field of insufficiently elucidated etiology and pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis. IntroductionSeborrheic dermatitis is initially described by P. G. Unna in 1887 and the association with Malassezia yeasts is accepted up to the middle of the 20th century, when the observed increased epidermal cell turnover gradually prompts researchers to characterize this condition as being intrinsic to the skin[1, 2].Seborrheic dermatitis is common dermatological problem that affects the seborrheic areas of the body. It is considered the same basic condition like dandruff sharing many features and responding to similar treatments, differing only in locality and severity. Current use of varying terms for seborrheic dermatitis such as sebopsoriasis, seborrheic eczema, dandruff, and pityriasis capitis reflects the complex nature of this common skin pathology [3]. Much controversy remains regarding the pathogenesis of seborrheic dermatitis and its classification in the spectrum of cutaneous diseases as a form of dermatitis, a fungal disease, or an inflammatory disease, closely related with psoriasis.The prevalence of seborrheic dermatitis peaks when sebaceous gland activity is high, during the first three months of life (infantile seborrheic dermatitis), during puberty and when sebum excretion is reduced after the age of 50 years [2]. Because of smaller sebum production, seborrheic dermatitis flares occur more often in spring than in summer. Disease flare could be associated with altered population dynamics affected not only by variations in sebaceous gland activity but also by modifications in other nutrients supplied by sweat, such as essential amino acids like glycine and tryptophan.Glycine stimulates the fast growth of M. furfur and after its exhaustion yeast cells employ tryptophan as a nitrogen source, increasing the production of indolic metabolites [4]. Such cycles of population growth, bioactive indole production, and subsequent deprivation of nutrients result in insufficiently masked antigens and ligands on the surface of the yeast cells leading to immune system activation.Seborrheic dermatitis occurs on the scalp as well as on face, retroauricular area, and the upper chest, causing flaking, scaling, inflammation, pruritus, and, sometimes, marked erythema [5]. Flaking is usually white-to-yellowish, and may be oily or dry. Various intrinsic and environmental factors, such as sebaceous secretions, skin surface fungal colonization, individual susceptibility, and interactions between these factors play a pathogenetic role in seborrheic dermatitis. Etiology of Seborrheic DermatitisThere are three principal factors that play a role in the etiology of seborrheic dermatitis [6]: sebaceous gland secretion, alteration in col...

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Section: Etiology Of Seborrheic Dermatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Seborrheic Dermatitis

Argirov¹,

Bakardzhiev²

2017

CRDOA

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“…An area of future exploration will be bacterial-fungal interaction networks of the skin and how disrupting those networks can contribute to a dysbiotic state and predispose to skin diseases. For example, fungi are believed to, in part, mediate seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff) and some forms of atopic eczema, but the pathogenesis is incompletely understood (Saunders et al 2012).…”

Section: The Ecology Of the Human Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The intersection of microbiome and host at the skin interface: genomic- and metagenomic-based insights

Grice

2015

Genome Res.

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The past two decades have been marked by a surge in research to understand the microbial communities that live in association with the human body, in part stimulated by affordable, high-throughput DNA sequencing technology. In the context of the skin, this Perspective focuses on the current state of genomic-and metagenomic-based host-microbe research and future challenges and opportunities to move the field forward. These include elucidating nonbacterial components of the skin microbiome (i.e., viruses); systematic studies to address common perturbations to the skin microbiome (e.g., antimicrobial drugs, topical cosmetic/hygienic products); improved approaches for identifying potential microbial triggers for skin diseases, including species-and strain-level resolution; and improved, clinically relevant models for studying the functional and mechanistic roles of the skin microbiome. In the next 20 years, we can realistically expect that our knowledge of the skin microbiome will inform the clinical management and treatment of skin disorders through diagnostic tests to stratify patient subsets and predict best treatment modality and outcomes and through treatment strategies such as targeted manipulation or reconstitution of microbial communities.

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“…To address our second objective, we next focused on the determination of the amount of free fatty acids and triglycerides. Triglycerides on the scalp are partially hydrolyzed by lipases, which are generated by lipase-producing microorganisms of human skin flora [26]. Triglyceride hydrolysis by the epidermal acid lipase, which is delivered to the SC via the lamellar granules, is also discussed in the literature [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a New Tonic Containing Urea, Lactate, Polidocanol, and <b><i>Glycyrrhiza inflata</i></b> Root Extract in the Treatment of a Dry, Itchy, and Subclinically Inflamed Scalp

Schweiger

Baufeld

Drescher

et al. 2013

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

949

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Background/Aims: Dry, itchy and inflamed scalp conditions are common and often associated with diseases such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. To improve these symptoms, we investigated the efficacy of a new tonic containing the active ingredients urea, lactate, polidocanol, and Glycyrrhiza inflata root extract, containing licochalcone A. Study Design/Methods: 30 subjects with dry and itchy scalp conditions underwent a randomized half-head study for 4 weeks, applying the leave-on tonic three times a week on one side of the scalp. Tonic effects on skin hydration, itching, lipids, microinflammation, and substantivity of tonic compounds were determined using corneometry, middle-infrared spectroscopy, direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Volunteers performed a self-assessment; changes in scalp condition were documented by in vivo microscopy. Results: After tonic treatment, scalp moisture was significantly increased, whereas scalp itching and tautness were significantly reduced. Results also demonstrated a high substantivity of urea and lactate on the scalp, an increase in triglyceride, and a decrease in free fatty acid levels. The amount of total lipids was unchanged. Analyses of scalp wash-ups verified a significant reduction in important pro-inflammatory markers. Conclusion: Due to the actives urea, lactate, polidocanol, and the anti-inflammatory licochalcone A, the new scalp tonic exhibited excellent performance in alleviating scalp dryness, itching, microinflammation, and in normalizing disturbances of scalp lipids.

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Malassezia Fungi Are Specialized to Live on Skin and Associated with Dandruff, Eczema, and Other Skin Diseases

Cited by 176 publications

References 36 publications

New Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Seborrheic Dermatitis

New Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Seborrheic Dermatitis

The intersection of microbiome and host at the skin interface: genomic- and metagenomic-based insights

Efficacy of a New Tonic Containing Urea, Lactate, Polidocanol, and <b><i>Glycyrrhiza inflata</i></b> Root Extract in the Treatment of a Dry, Itchy, and Subclinically Inflamed Scalp

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