“…The majority of known paper mills are located in China (Hu & Wu, 2013; Hvistendahl, 2013; Liu & Chen, 2018; Schneider, 2020; Schneider, 2021; Zou et al, 2019). There is documented evidence of paper mills based in other countries, namely, Iran, India, Peru, Latvia, and Russia (Abalkina, 2020b; Christopher, 2021; COPE & STM, 2022; Else & Van Noorden, 2021; Mayta‐Tristán & Borja‐García, 2022; Stone, 2016). However, few formal studies have been conducted about their activities: strategies to attract potential authors, submission strategies or even collusion with editors or journals.…”