Malariometric update for the rainforest and savanna of Ashanti region, Ghana

Browne, Edmund; Frimpong, E. Opuni; Sievertsen, Jürgen; Hagen, Jörg von; Hamelmann, Christoph; Dietzs, K.; Horstmann, Rolf D.; Burchard, Gerd

doi:10.1080/00034983.2000.11813509

Cited by 49 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In children under four years, in addition to adults, most LM-diagnosed infections were observed to be of low density (<500 parasites per µl) and, at least in children, usually of long duration [6]. Coinfections of P. malariae and P. falciparum were reported more commonly than would be expected by chance [3,27,28]. Overall, P. malariae has been characterized to exhibit opposing seasonal fluctuation with P. falciparum, with P. malariae prevalence [8,26] Studies from Papua New Guinea (PNG) indicate that LM peak prevalence of P. malariae infection might be similar to those observed in West Africa (i.e.…”

Section: Variation In Parasite Prevalencementioning

confidence: 93%

“…P. malariae infections are most common in sub-Saharan Africa and the southwest Pacific, where age-specific prevalence in mass blood surveys have exceeded 15-30% [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. By contrast, when P. malariae has been detected in malaria-endemic regions of Asia [9][10][11][12], the Middle East [13], South America [14] and Central America [15], it is observed as an infrequent infection, with blood-smear light microscopy (LM) prevalence rarely exceeding 1-2%.…”

Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although cross-sectional studies have reported positive associations between infections of P. falciparum and P. malariae and/or P. ovale, respectively [3,27,28,34], these associations are more likely to represent individual differences in exposure (i.e. children with a high risk of acquiring P. falciparum infections also have a high risk of acquiring other infections) [34] or susceptibility to infection [27], rather than true biological interactions between the parasite species.…”

Section: Why Are P Malariae and P Ovale Infections Still Important?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infections with P. ovale, however, have also been reported in the Middle East [13], the Indian subcontinent [21] and different parts of Southeast Asia [11,22,23]. In West Africa (and to a lesser extent Central Africa), age specific LM prevalence of >10% have been observed [3,6] places where P. ovale is observed, it is relatively uncommon and its prevalence (as detected by LM) rarely exceeds 3-5% [22,[24][25][26].Indepth descriptions of the epidemiology of both infections based upon LM data are, thus, restricted almost exclusively to highly endemic areas in Africa and the Southwest Pacific. Detailed epidemiological studies from South America and Asia are lacking.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from differences in a wide range of ecological factors (such as climate and Anopheline vector species), these contrasting observations in P. malariae epidemiology could be linked to the virtual absence of Plasmodium vivax infections in many African populations because of the lack of the Duffy blood-group-antigen, which P. vivax requires to invade red blood cells [33]. Interestingly, Smith et al reported that in Wosera, PNG, P. vivax infections might be associated with an antagonistic effect on P. malariae infections[34].Like P. malariae, P. ovale infections in West African populations tend to be most common in children under ten years of age [3,6,35]. The low numbers of LM detectable infections in most PNG and Southeast Asian surveys precludes a firm assessment of age distribution of infections in these regions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

Müeller

Zimmerman

Reeder

2007

Trends in Parasitology

264

245

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Although Plasmodium malariae was first described as an infectious disease of humans by Golgi in 1886 and Plasmodium ovale identified by Stevens in 1922, there are still large gaps in our knowledge of the importance of these infections as causes of malaria in different parts of the world. They have traditionally been thought of as mild illnesses that are caused by rare and, in case of P. ovale, short-lived parasites. However, recent advances in sensitive PCR diagnosis are causing a re-evaluation of this assumption. Low-level infection seems to be common across malaria-endemic areas, often as complex mixed infections. The potential interactions of P. malariae and P. ovale with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax might explain some basic questions of malaria epidemiology, and understanding these interactions could have an important influence on the deployment of interventions such as malaria vaccines. Geographical distributionAlthough distribution of Plasmodium malariae infection is reported as being patchy, it has been observed in all major malaria-endemic regions of the world [1]. P. malariae infections are most common in sub-Saharan Africa and the southwest Pacific, where age-specific prevalence in mass blood surveys have exceeded 15-30% [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. By contrast, when P. malariae has been detected in malaria-endemic regions of Asia [9][10][11][12], the Middle East [13], South America [14] and Central America [15], it is observed as an infrequent infection, with blood-smear light microscopy (LM) prevalence rarely exceeding 1-2%. Much higher levels of infection were, however, found in montagnard refugees from the Cambodian-Vietnamese border [16]. In South America, P. malariae is thought to be a zoonotic infection because the genetically identical Plasmodium brasilianum infects new-world monkeys [17] and both monkeys and humans in endemic areas show high levels of seropositivity to P. malariae and P. brasilianum antigens [18].Plasmodium ovale was thought to have a much more limited distribution, with endemic transmission traditionally described as being limited to areas of tropical Africa, New Guinea, the eastern parts of Indonesia and the Philippines [19,20]. Infections with P. ovale, however, have also been reported in the Middle East [13], the Indian subcontinent [21] and different parts of Southeast Asia [11,22,23]. In West Africa (and to a lesser extent Central Africa), age specific LM prevalence of >10% have been observed [3,6] places where P. ovale is observed, it is relatively uncommon and its prevalence (as detected by LM) rarely exceeds 3-5% [22,[24][25][26].Indepth descriptions of the epidemiology of both infections based upon LM data are, thus, restricted almost exclusively to highly endemic areas in Africa and the Southwest Pacific. Detailed epidemiological studies from South America and Asia are lacking. Variation in parasite prevalenceIn West Africa, P. malariae prevalence has been reported to peak at ages similar to those of P. falciparum (i.e. in children under ten years of...

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Section: Variation In Parasite Prevalencementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Geographical Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Why Are P Malariae and P Ovale Infections Still Important?mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

Müeller

Zimmerman

Reeder

2007

Trends in Parasitology

264

245

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Malaria transmission in two rural communities in the forest zone of Ghana

et al. 2010

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Malaria transmission was assessed in two rural communities, Kona and Afamanaso in Sekyere South district, Ashanti Region, in the forest zone of Ghana to provide baseline data for ongoing clinical studies and the evaluation of the effect of interventions. Altogether, 3,479 Anopheles gambiae and 1,157 Anopheles funestus were caught by human landing catches. Sporozoite rates determined by either microscopy of salivary glands or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for Plasmodium falciparum in the two villages were 6.6% vs. 8.9% for the main vector A. gambiae and 3.2% vs. 6.3% for A. funestus. ELISA tests of dissected specimens compared to microscopy of salivary glands were 1.3 and 2.0 times more positive for A. gambiae and A. funestus, respectively. Plasmodium infections of 122 microscopically positive salivary glands of A. gambiae were identified by real-time PCR as 95 (77.9%) P. falciparum, 7 (5.7%) Plasmodium malariae, 7 (5.7%) Plasmodium ovale and 1 (0.8%) mixed infection of P. falciparum and P. malariae. Transmission in the area was found to be intense and perennial with some seasonal variations during the study period from Dec. 2003 to Aug. 2005. Although the two villages were only 10 km apart from each other, Annual Biting Rates (ABRs) and Annual Entomological Inoculation Rates (AEIRs) were much higher at Afamanaso (11,643 vs. 866) than at Kona (5,329 vs. 490). Most of the transmission (91.4%) occurred during bedtime hours from 21 to 6 h. It is important to note that there was still a substantial transmission before 21 h with AEIRs of 57.3 at Afamanso and 38.7 at Kona. The distribution of impregnated bednets alone, therefore, may not be sufficiently effective.

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Surveillance of Plasmodium malariae infection among inhabitants of rural areas in Ouidah–Kpomasse–Tori Bossito health district, Benin

Agonhossou

Akoton

Dossou³

et al. 2022

Parasitol Res

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Among the Plasmodium species that infect humans, P. falciparum has been largely studied in malaria endemic areas. However, P. malariae infection is less documented among the human population. This study aimed to monitor the prevalence and distribution of P. malariae in Southern Benin. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in rural localities in the Ouidah-Kpomasse-Tori Bossito (OKT) health district in Southern Benin from June to October 2019. Socio-demographic data were collected using a questionnaire, while malaria infection data were obtained on the one hand by microscopy diagnosis and, on the other, by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Based on microscopy, the prevalence of P. malariae mono-infection and coinfection of P. falciparum, P. malariae was respectively 2.3% and 1.2% in the OKT health district. This prevalence was higher (P < 0.01) than that reported by Damien et al. (2010) 10 years ago in the same study area with 0.7% and 0.3% of P. malariae and P. falciparum/P. malariae, respectively. Based on PCR analysis, P. malariae prevalence was 14.1%, including 5.2% of mono-infection and 8.9% of mixed infection with P. falciparum. Sub-microscopic Plasmodium infections were high (30.6%) and more pronounced in older participants (>20 years). The present study revealed that P. malariae increased in the OKT health district with a high prevalence of submicroscopic infection. Since our results provide valuable evidence of increasing P. malariae infection, the National Malaria Control Programs (NMCPs) must consider P. malariae when designing future measures for effective control and malaria treatment.

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Malariometric update for the rainforest and savanna of Ashanti region, Ghana

Cited by 49 publications

References 15 publications

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

Malaria transmission in two rural communities in the forest zone of Ghana

Surveillance of Plasmodium malariae infection among inhabitants of rural areas in Ouidah–Kpomasse–Tori Bossito health district, Benin

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