Malaria vector control in South Africa

Brooke, Basil D.; Koekemoer, Lizette L.; Kruger, Philip; Urbach, Jasson; Misiani, Eunice; Coetzee, Maureen

doi:10.7196/samj.7447

Cited by 39 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…merus to malaria transmission in South Africa has not been established. 21 The increasing abundance and distribution of An. merus populations may hamper efforts to eliminate malaria in South Africa, especially if the reservoir of Plasmodium parasites increases via immigration of infected persons from other endemic areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing distribution and abundance of the malaria vector Anopheles merus in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Mbokazi

Coetzee

Brooke

et al. 2018

public health action

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing distribution and abundance of the malaria vector Anopheles merus in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Mbokazi

Coetzee

Brooke

et al. 2018

public health action

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“…1 The indoor residual spraying (IRS) method has been the mainstay of malaria vector control in South Africa since the late 1940s and has remained effective owing to carefully co-ordinated IRS programmes in South Africa's Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces. 2 Only Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit human malaria parasites and the primary vectors in South Africa are Anopheles arabiensis and An.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…funestus. 1 Of these, An. funestus is almost entirely anthropophilic (human biting), endophagic (indoor feeding) and endophilic (indoor resting).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The malaria epidemic experienced in South Africa during the period 1996-2000 was largely the result of the development of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in populations of this species in northern KwaZuluNatal and Mpumalanga which led to vector control failure. 1,2 Control was re-established using a mosaic resistance management system which was later drafted into a World Health Organization (WHO) document --the Global Plan for Insecticide Resistance Management (GPIRM). 4 South Africa currently subscribes to the principles outlined in GPIRM as part of its malaria elimination agenda.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Mamfene, KwaZulu-Natal

Brooke¹,

Robertson²,

Kaiser³

et al. 2015

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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The control of malaria vector mosquitoes in South Africa’s affected provinces is primarily based on indoor spraying of long-lasting residual insecticides. The primary vectors in South Africa are Anopheles arabiensis and An. funestus. South Africa’s National Malaria Control Programme has adopted a malaria elimination agenda and has scaled up vector control activities accordingly. However, despite these plans, local transmission continues and is most likely because of outdoor feeding by populations of An. arabiensis. An outdoor Anopheles surveillance system has been set up in three sections of the Mamfene district in northern KwaZulu- Natal in order to assess the extent of outdoor resting An. arabiensis in Mamfene and to assess the current insecticide susceptibility status of this population. According to WHO criteria, the An. arabiensis samples tested showed evidence of resistance to deltamethrin (pyrethroid), DDT (organochlorine) and bendiocarb (carbamate), and full susceptibility to the organophosphates pirimiphos-methyl and fenitrothion. Pre-exposure to piperonyl butoxide completely nullified the deltamethrin resistance otherwise evident in these samples, supporting previous studies implicating monooxygenase-based detoxification as the primary mechanism of pyrethroid resistance. The data presented here affirm the presence of pyrethroid and DDT resistance previously detected in this population and also indicate the comparatively recent emergence of resistance to the carbamate insecticide bendiocarb. These data show that special attention and commitment needs to be given to the principles of insecticide resistance management as well as to investigations into alternative control techniques designed to target outdoor-resting An. arabiensis in northern KwaZulu-Natal.

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“…6,8,20 There is no suggestion that these constraints have adequately been addressed in SA. Brooke et al 21 argued that successful elimination of malaria in SA is dependent on more rather than less resources being invested into malaria control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From malaria control to elimination in South Africa: The researchers’ perspectives

Hlongwana

Tsoka-Gwegweni

2016

Afr. j. prim. health care fam. med.

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BackgroundGlobal decline in malaria episodes over the past decade gave rise to a debate to target malaria elimination in eligible countries. However, investigation regarding researchers’ perspectives on barriers and facilitating factors to effective implementation of a malaria elimination policy in South Africa (SA) is lacking.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the malaria researchers’ knowledge, understandings, perceived roles, and their perspectives on the factors influencing implementation of a malaria elimination policy in SA.SettingParticipants were drawn from the researchers who fulfilled the eligibility criteria as per the protocol, and the criteria were not setting-specific.MethodsThe study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted through an emailed self-administered semi-structured questionnaire amongst malaria researchers who met the set selection criteria and signed informed consent.ResultsMost (92.3%) participants knew about SA’s malaria elimination policy, but only 45.8% had fully read it. The majority held a strong view that SA’s 2018 elimination target was not realistic, citing that the policy had neither been properly adapted to the country’s operational setting nor sufficiently disseminated to all relevant healthcare workers. Key concerns raised were lack of new tools, resources, and capacity to fight malaria; poor cross-border collaborations; overreliance on partners to implement; poor community involvement; and poor surveillance.ConclusionMalaria elimination is a noble idea, with sharp divisions. However, there is a general agreement that elimination requires: (a) strong cross-border initiatives; (b) deployment of adequate resources; (c) sustainable multistakeholder support and collaboration; (d) good surveillance systems; and (e) availability and use of all effective intervention tools.

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Malaria vector control in South Africa

Cited by 39 publications

References 36 publications

Changing distribution and abundance of the malaria vector Anopheles merus in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Changing distribution and abundance of the malaria vector Anopheles merus in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis in Mamfene, KwaZulu-Natal

From malaria control to elimination in South Africa: The researchers’ perspectives

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