Malaria Transmission at a New Irrigation Project in Sri Lanka: the Emergence of Anopheles annularis as a Major Vector

Ramasamy, Ranjan; Alwis, Ruklanthi de; Wijesundere, Anula; Ramasamy, M. S.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1992.47.547

Cited by 48 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…This could well be a factor in Sri Lanka, where in a situation of unstable malaria and low transmission rates, ELISA studies have incriminated a large number of anopheline species. [4][5][6][7][8] As the present study shows, parasite infection in many of these species could not be clearly linked to human malaria. The increasing ELISA-based evidence of multispecies involvement in transmission [4][5][6][7][8] has resulted in some confusion among local vector control personnel regarding target species and control strategies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…peditaeniatus have been implicated in malaria parasite carriage in previous studies in Sri Lanka. 4,7,8 Anopheles peditaeniatus is reported infected with P. falciparum for the first time locally, following a similar report from Thailand. 20 Sporozoites of the VK247 polymorph of P. vivax carried by An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Serologic evidence for VK247 infection in humans in Sri Lanka has also been reported. 21 It is evident that previous ELISA studies [4][5][6][7][8] that used only the PV-210 polymorph would have underestimated the CS protein rates of P. vivax in Sri Lankan anophelines and thereby the VC and EIR estimates based on these rates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…2,3 However, recent field studies have produced evidence of the involvement of several other anopheline species in malaria transmission, based on ELISAs to detect the circumsporozoite protein (CS) of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum, the only malaria parasite species that are currently known to be present in Sri Lanka. [4][5][6][7][8] This has led to some confusion regarding the true field vector status of these different anopheline species that have been incriminated by ELISA. The overall relative contribution of different local anopheline species to transmission has been quantified, 7 but there have been no studies that link temporal trends in vector population and transmission dynamics to trends in human malaria to clarify which species are of real significance in initiating and maintaining transmission.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on epidemiologic entomology relating to malaria in Sri Lanka have been concentrated in rural habitats associated with modern irrigation development projects such as the Mahaweli Project, 4,5,8 or in village habitats in the southern part of the island. 6,7 Vector bionomics and transmission parameters have not been studied in traditional tank-based villages that still form a substantial small-scale irrigation network in the rice-producing low country dry zone of Sri Lanka.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria vectors in a traditional dry zone village in Sri Lanka.

Amerasinghe¹,

Amerasinghe²,

Konradsen³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Malaria transmission by anopheline mosquitoes was studied in a traditional tank-irrigation-based riceproducing village in the malaria-endemic low country dry zone of northcentral Sri Lanka during the period August 1994-February 1997. Adult mosquitoes were collected from human and bovid bait catches, bovid-baited trap huts, indoor catches, and pit traps. Mosquito head-thoraces were tested for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, and blood-engorged abdomens for the presence of human blood by ELISAs. House surveys were done at twoday intervals to record cases of blood film-confirmed malaria among the villagers. A total of 7,823 female anophelines representing 14 species were collected. Trends in anopheline abundance were significantly correlated with rainfall of the preceding month in An. annularis, An. barbirostris, An. subpictus, An. vagus, and An. varuna, but were not significant in An. culicifacies and An. peditaeniatus. Malaria parasite infections were seen in seven mosquito species, with 75% of the positive mosquitoes containing P. falciparum and 25% P. vivax. Polymorph PV247 was recorded from a vector (i.e., An. varuna) for the first time in Sri Lanka. Computations of mean number of infective vector (MIV) rates using abundance, circumsporozoite (CS) protein rate, and human blood index (HBI) showed the highest rate in An. culicifacies. A malaria outbreak occurred from

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Malaria vectors in a traditional dry zone village in Sri Lanka.

Amerasinghe¹,

Amerasinghe²,

Konradsen³

et al. 1999

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Identification of two cryptic species in the Anopheles (Cellia) annularis complex using ribosomal DNA PCR-RFLP

et al. 2006

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Anopheles (Cellia) annularis Van der Wulp is a complex of two sibling species provisionally designated as species A and B and can only be differentiated on the basis of the paracentric inversion in the ovarian polytene chromosomes. To analyze the distribution of these two species and to develop a molecular method for the identification of these two cryptic species, we sequenced the ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and domain 3 (D3) of A. annularis specimens collected from Sonapur (Assam), Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), Ranchi (Jharkhand), and Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh). We did not find any sequence variation among the specimens collected from Assam, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand states, whereas two types of sequences were obtained from the specimens collected from the state of Uttar Pradesh, which correspond to species A and B of the A. annularis complex. Species A was more prevalent among the all four regions studied. The ITS2 sequence of species A showed unique restriction sites for MvaI and Eco24I, while species B displayed HinfI and NruI sites. Similarly, the D3 sequence of species A showed unique restriction site for Alw26I, while species B showed a unique KpnI site. In this study, we report for the first time the development of ribosomal DNA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods for identifying these two cryptic species of the Annularis complex.

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Mosquito-borne Diseases as a Consequence of Land Use Change

2004

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Human modification of the natural environment continues to create habitats in which mosquitoes, vectors of a wide variety of human and animal pathogens, thrive if unabated with an enormous potential to negatively affect public health. Historic examples of these modifications include of impoundments, dams, and irrigation systems that create havens for the mosquitoes that transmit malaria, dengue, and filariasis. Additionally, contemporary deforestation appears to be associated with the expansion of mosquito distributions and the increase in mosquito-borne disease transmission. These observations are not unique to the developing world, as urban sprawl also contributes significantly to mosquito habitats and offers a sanctuary to some vector populations. With foresight and planning, most of these systems can be appropriately managed to control vector populations and pathogen transmission. The key to disease control is developing an understanding of the contribution of human landscape modification to vector-borne pathogen transmission and how a balance may be achieved between human development, public health, and responsible land use.

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Malaria Transmission at a New Irrigation Project in Sri Lanka: the Emergence of Anopheles annularis as a Major Vector

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Malaria vectors in a traditional dry zone village in Sri Lanka.

Malaria vectors in a traditional dry zone village in Sri Lanka.

Identification of two cryptic species in the Anopheles (Cellia) annularis complex using ribosomal DNA PCR-RFLP

Mosquito-borne Diseases as a Consequence of Land Use Change

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