Malaria parasites in macaques in Thailand: stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) are new natural hosts for Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium coatneyi and Plasmodium fieldi

Fungfuang, Wirasak; Udom, Chanya; Tongthainan, Daraka; Kadir, Khamisah Abdul

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-26507/v3

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Plasmodium coatneyi is commonly found in long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis), and unlike other simian parasites, P. coatneyi shares morphological features to P. falciparum (Fig. 1) (Eyles, 1963;Fungfuang et al, 2020). A detailed study conducted between 2011 and 2014 in 7 states of Malaysia showed 3 mono-infections (2.17%) of P. coatneyi among 645 samples that tested positive for malaria (Table 2) (Yap et al, 2021).…”

Section: Plasmodium Coatneyi Zoonosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All P. fieldi-infected patients had concurrent infections with other Plasmodium species and responded well to chloroquine or artemisinin-mefloquine combination therapy (Table 2) (Putaporntip et al, 2022). A study conducted in Thailand determining the prevalence of different Plasmodium species in NHPs reported that of 93 macaque blood samples examined, P. inui (35%) and P. fieldi (30%) were the most prevalent species in malaria-positive macaques, presenting them as the natural reservoir and a potential public health concern to the local population (Fungfuang et al, 2020). The geographical distribution of reported P. fieldi infections in humans is depicted in Fig.…”

Section: Plasmodium Fieldi Zoonosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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The threat of increased transmission of non-knowlesi zoonotic malaria in humans: a systematic review

Chaturvedi,

Biswas,

Bisht

et al. 2023

Parasitology

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Of the 5 human malarial parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most prevalent species globally, while Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri are less prevalent and typically occur as mixed-infections. Plasmodium knowlesi, previously considered a non-human primate (NHP) infecting species, is now a cause of human malaria in Malaysia. The other NHP Plasmodium species, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium brasilianum, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium simium, Plasmodium coatneyi and Plasmodium fieldi cause malaria in primates, which are mainly reported in southeast Asia and South America. The non-knowlesi NHP Plasmodium species also emerged and were found to cross-transmit from their natural hosts (NHP) – to human hosts in natural settings. Here we have reviewed and collated data from the literature on the NHPs-to-human-transmitting non-knowlesi Plasmodium species. It was observed that the natural transmission of these NHP parasites to humans had been reported from 2010 onwards. This study shows that: (1) the majority of the non-knowlesi NHP Plasmodium mixed species infecting human cases were from Yala province of Thailand; (2) mono/mixed P. cynomolgi infections with other human-infecting Plasmodium species were prevalent in Malaysia and Thailand and (3) P. brasilianum and P. simium were found in Central and South America.

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Section: Plasmodium Coatneyi Zoonosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plasmodium Fieldi Zoonosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The threat of increased transmission of non-knowlesi zoonotic malaria in humans: a systematic review

Chaturvedi,

Biswas,

Bisht

et al. 2023

Parasitology

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“…Plasmodium knowlesi is considered a zoonotic malaria species as the parasite originally resides in a macaque host. The currently known hosts of P. knowlesi are the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fasicicularis), pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina), banded-leaf monkey (Presbytis melolophus) [2] and stumped-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) [3]. Thus, the transmission of P. knowlesi is a complex interaction between the macaque hosts, the Anopheline vectors and humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of simian malaria in wild long-tailed macaques throughout Peninsular Malaysia

Shahari,

Abdullah,

Rohimly

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The parasite Plasmodium knowlesi has been the sole cause of malaria in Malaysia from 2018–2022. Due to the high burden of P. knowlesi in Malaysia, this has hampered Malaysia from achieving the malaria-free status awarded by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Due to the zoonotic nature of P. knowlesi infections, it is important to study the prevalence of the parasite in the macaque host, the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Apart from P. knowlesi, the long-tailed macaque is also able to harbour Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium caotneyi and Plasmodium fieldi. Here we report the prevalence of the 5 simian malaria parasites in the wild long-tailed macaque population in 12 out of the 13 states in Peninsular Malaysia using a nested PCR approach targeting the 18s ribosomal RNA (18s rRNA) gene. It was found that all five Plasmodium species were widely distributed throughout Peninsular Malaysia except for states with major cities such as Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Of note, Pahang reported a malaria prevalence of 100% in the long-tailed macaque population, identifying it as a potential hotspot for zoonotic transmission. Overall, this study shows the distribution of the 5 simian malaria parasite species throughout Peninsular Malaysia, the data of which could be used to guide future malaria control interventions to target zoonotic malaria.

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Alpha globin variation in the long-tailed macaque suggests malaria selection

Faust

Rangkuti

Preston

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Human haemoglobin variants, such as sickle, confer protection against death from malaria; consequently, frequencies of such variants are often greatly elevated in humans from malaria endemic regions. Among non-human primates, the long-tailed macaque, Macaca fascicularis, also displays substantial haemoglobin variation. Almost all M. fascicularis haemoglobin variation is in the alpha globin chain, encoded by two linked genes: HBA1 and HBA2. We demonstrate that alpha globin variation in M. fascicularis correlates with the strength of malaria selection. We identify a range of missense mutations in M. fascicularis alpha globin and demonstrate that some of these exhibit a striking HBA1 or HBA2 specificity, a pattern consistent with computational simulations of selection on genes exhibiting copy number variation. We propose that M. fascicularis accumulated amino acid substitutions in its alpha globin genes under malaria selection, in a process that closely mirrors, but does not entirely converge with, human malaria adaptation.

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Malaria parasites in macaques in Thailand: stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) are new natural hosts for Plasmodium knowlesi, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium coatneyi and Plasmodium fieldi

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

The threat of increased transmission of non-knowlesi zoonotic malaria in humans: a systematic review

The threat of increased transmission of non-knowlesi zoonotic malaria in humans: a systematic review

The prevalence of simian malaria in wild long-tailed macaques throughout Peninsular Malaysia

Alpha globin variation in the long-tailed macaque suggests malaria selection

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