Malaria Morbidity in High and Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Burkina Faso

Ouédraogo, Alphonse; Tiono, Alfred B.; Diarra, Amidou; Sanon, Souleymane; Yaro, Jean Baptiste; Ouédraogo, Espérance; Bougouma, Edith C.; Soulama, Issiaka; Gansané, Adama; Ouedraogo, Amathe; Konaté, Amadou; Nébié, Issa; Watson, Nora; Sanza, Megan; Dube, Tina; Sirima, Sodiomon B.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050036

Cited by 48 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…Malaria-related immunosuppression could lead to reduced vaccine immunogenicity or differences in innate immunity may exist in the early weeks of life in these children. Congruently, malaria transmission in the Gambia is markedly lower than in Burkina Faso,37, 39, 41 thus these effects would likely be seen in older Gambian children who have had more years of lower level malaria exposure; and in younger infants in Burkina Faso where transmission is higher 42, 43…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two clinical trials were performed in the western region of The Gambia in Sukuta, where modest malaria transmission is still observed following seasonal rains, despite a substantial decline in incidence since 2003 37 . A third study was undertaken in Burkina Faso with highly seasonal transmission and a far greater incidence of malaria than in The Gambia, averaging more than one confirmed clinical episode per child per year 38, 39. An effective malaria vaccine would be useful in both settings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viral Vector Malaria Vaccines Induce High-Level T Cell and Antibody Responses in West African Children and Infants

et al. 2017

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Heterologous prime-boosting with viral vectors encoding the pre-erythrocytic antigen thrombospondin-related adhesion protein fused to a multiple epitope string (ME-TRAP) induces CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity to malaria sporozoite challenge in European malaria-naive and Kenyan semi-immune adults. This approach has yet to be evaluated in children and infants. We assessed this vaccine strategy among 138 Gambian and Burkinabe children in four cohorts: 2- to 6-year olds in The Gambia, 5- to 17-month-olds in Burkina Faso, and 5- to 12-month-olds and 10-week-olds in The Gambia. We assessed induction of cellular immunity, taking into account the distinctive hematological status of young infants, and characterized the antibody response to vaccination. T cell responses peaked 7 days after boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), with highest responses in infants aged 10 weeks at priming. Incorporating lymphocyte count into the calculation of T cell responses facilitated a more physiologically relevant comparison of cellular immunity across different age groups. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells secreted cytokines. Induced antibodies were up to 20-fold higher in all groups compared with Gambian and United Kingdom (UK) adults, with comparable or higher avidity. This immunization regimen elicited strong immune responses, particularly in young infants, supporting future evaluation of efficacy in this key target age group for a malaria vaccine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral Vector Malaria Vaccines Induce High-Level T Cell and Antibody Responses in West African Children and Infants

et al. 2017

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“…Olutu et al (2010) in Kenya [11], found that incidence was three times as high with active compared to passive detection; they found both methods had high specificity provided fever was determined by measurement rather than reported history. We found only one randomized comparison, Ouedraogo et al (2013) [8]. They compared the two methods in a randomized trial; incidence was higher in the active arm but they did not compare the severity of malaria cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Malaria Incidence in Children in South-West Burkina Faso: Comparison of Active and Passive Case Detection Methods

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the incidence and seasonal pattern of malaria in children in South-West Burkina Faso, and to compare, in a randomized trial, characteristics of cases detected by active and passive surveillance. This study also enabled the planning of a malaria vaccine trial.MethodsHouseholds with young children, located within 5 kilometers of a health facility, were randomized to one of two malaria surveillance methods. In the first group, children were monitored actively. Each child was visited twice weekly; tympanic temperature was measured, and if the child had a fever or history of fever, a malaria rapid diagnostic test was performed and a blood smear collected. In the second group, children were monitored passively. The child’s parent or caregiver was asked to bring the child to the nearest clinic if he was unwell. Follow up lasted 13 months from September 2009.ResultsIncidence of malaria (Fever with parasitaemia ≥5,000/µL) was 1.18 episodes/child/year in the active cohort and 0.89 in the passive cohort (rate ratio 1.32, 95% CI 1.13–1.54). Malaria cases in the passive cohort were more likely to have high grade fever; but parasite densities were similar in the two groups. Incidence was highly seasonal; when a specific case definition was used, about 60% of cases occurred within the 4 months June-September.ConclusionPassive case detection required at least a 30%–40% increase in the sample size for vaccine trials, compared to active detection, to achieve the same power. However we did not find any evidence that parasite densities were higher with passive than with active detection. The incidence of malaria is highly seasonal and meets the WHO criteria for Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC). At least half of the malaria cases in these children could potentially be prevented if SMC was effectively deployed.

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“…The entomologic inoculation rate was estimated at 200 infective bites/person/year in the study area [17]. The incidence of clinical malaria cases in children less than five years of age was estimated at 1.3 episodes/child-year [18]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Variation ofPlasmodium falciparum eba-175,ama-1, andmsp-3Genotypes in Young Children Living in a Seasonally High Malaria Transmission Setting in Burkina Faso

Soulama

Sermé

Bougouma

et al. 2015

Journal of Parasitology Research

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The association between P. falciparum eba-175, ama-1, and msp-3 polymorphism in the pathogenicity of malaria disease was investigated. We therefore compared the prevalence of different alleles between symptomatic and asymptomatic malarial children under five years of age living in Burkina Faso. Blood filter papers were collected during the 2008 malaria transmission season from 228 symptomatic and 199 asymptomatic children under five years of age. All patients were living in the rural area of Saponé at about 50 km from Ouagadougou, the capital city of Burkina Faso. P. falciparum parasite DNA was extracted using QIAGEN kits and the alleles diversity was assessed by a nested PCR. PCR products were then digested by restriction enzymes based on already described polymorphic regions of the eba-175, ama-1, and msp-3 genes. The individual alleles eba-175_FCR3 and msp-3_K1 frequencies were statistically higher (p < 0.0001) in the asymptomatic group compared to the symptomatic ones. No statistically significant difference was noted in the prevalence of ama-1-3D7, ama-1-K1, and ama-1-HB3 genotypes between the two groups (p > 0.05). The comparative analysis of P. falciparum genotypes indicated that the polymorphism in eba-175 and msp-3 genotypes varied between asymptomatic and symptomatic clinical groups and may contribute to the pathogenesis of malaria.

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Malaria Morbidity in High and Seasonal Malaria Transmission Area of Burkina Faso

Cited by 48 publications

References 16 publications

Viral Vector Malaria Vaccines Induce High-Level T Cell and Antibody Responses in West African Children and Infants

Viral Vector Malaria Vaccines Induce High-Level T Cell and Antibody Responses in West African Children and Infants

Malaria Incidence in Children in South-West Burkina Faso: Comparison of Active and Passive Case Detection Methods

Clinical Variation ofPlasmodium falciparum eba-175,ama-1, andmsp-3Genotypes in Young Children Living in a Seasonally High Malaria Transmission Setting in Burkina Faso

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