Malaria indicator surveys demonstrate a markedly lower prevalence of malaria in large cities of sub-Saharan Africa

Pond, Bob

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-313

Cited by 24 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…funestus mosquitoes from an urban site. 20 This study also supports the findings of the 2010 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), 21 those reported generally from several major cities in sub-Saharan Africa, 11,22 as well as the findings of Mathanga and others, 9,23 who demonstrated that malaria cases in urban Blantyre were more likely to have a history of recent travel to rural areas. It was not surprising to observe that anophelines were present in the study area at very low densities of 10.3% and 12.4% in 2008 and 2010, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Risk factors for <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre District, southern Malawi

Mzilahowa¹,

Luka-Banda²,

Uzalili³

et al. 2017

Mal. Med. J

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BackgroundAlthough urban malaria transmission is low and seasonal, it remains a major public health problem. This study aimed at demonstrating the presence of Anopheles mosquitoes and their potential to transmit malaria in urban settings. MethodsTwo cross-sectional surveys were carried out in Blantyre District, Malawi, during the dry and wet seasons of 2008 and 2010, respectively. A map of Blantyre was divided into a grid of 400 cells, of which 60 cells were randomly selected. Five households located within 100 m from the centre of each selected cell were enrolled, a standard questionnaire was administered, and indoor resting mosquitoes were sampled.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Risk factors for <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre District, southern Malawi

Mzilahowa¹,

Luka-Banda²,

Uzalili³

et al. 2017

Mal. Med. J

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“…In some rural settings, prevalence as high as 74% and 71.4% have been reported [9,20]. Thus, while evidence abound on malaria prevalence in urban areas, prevalence is generally lower than rural areas [11,21]. This lower malaria prevalence in urban areas could be as a result of better access to health facilities, well-designed houses that can protect against mosquito vectors, improved basic amenities and reduced mosquito breeding sites [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cross-sectional study of the prevalence, density and risk factors associated with malaria transmission in urban communities of Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

Awosolu

Yahaya

Termizi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Malaria is a serious global public health challenge which causes great morbidity and mortality worldwide particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was designed to determine the prevalence, parasite density and risk factors associated with malaria infection transmission among residents of two urban communities of Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out on 300 participants. Blood samples were obtained. Thick and thin blood films were prepared and viewed using the standard parasitological technique of microscopy. Moreover, data on sociodemographic and environmental variables were obtained using standard questionnaire. Results Of the 300 participants examined, a total of 165 (55.0%) were found positive for Plasmodium falciparum with a mean (S.D) parasite density of 1814.70 (1829.117) parasite/µL of blood. The prevalence and parasite density of malaria infection was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in relation to age group. Obviously, malaria infection decreases as age increasing with ≤ 5 years having the highest prevalence and mean parasite density. Similarly, in relation to gender, males significantly (P < 0.05) had higher prevalence (60.2%) and mean (S.D) parasite density of malaria infection [2157.73 (1659.570) parasite/µL of blood] compared to females. Additionally, those without formal education had the highest prevalence (73.0%) and mean (S.D) parasite density of infection [2626.96 (2442.195) parasite/µL of blood]. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that age group 6–10 (COR 0.066, 95% CI: 0.007–0.635), presence of streams (COR 0.225, 95% CI: 0.103–0.492), distance from streams within ≤ 1 Km (COR 0.283, 95% CI: 0.122–0.654) and travel to rural area (COR 4.689, 95% CI: 2.430–9.049) were the major risk factors. Conclusions Malaria infection is apparently endemic in the study area and greatly influenced by rural-urban movement. Multifaceted and integrated control strategy should be adopted. Health education on mosquito prevention and use of chemoprophylaxis before and during travel to rural areas are important.

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“…Urban areas generally have fewer mosquito breeding sites, better access to treatment and higher intervention coverage levels than rural areas [ 6 , 7 ]. Urbanization also involves significant ecological change and socio-economic change, including improved health, housing and wealth factors that impel significant entomological, parasitological and behavioural effects that generally reduce malaria transmission [ 2 , 4 , 5 ] and many malaria-endemic nations have recorded reduced malaria transmission in major cities [ 2 , 8 ]. Previous studies on the impact of ‘urbanicity’ have generally looked at malaria parasite prevalence over large scales or at specific metrics at small scales, and using a single indicator of urbanicity [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between urbanicity and malaria at local scales in Uganda

Kigozi

Pindolia

Smith

et al. 2015

Malar J

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BackgroundSub-Saharan Africa is expected to show the greatest rates of urbanization over the next 50 years. Urbanization has shown a substantial impact in reducing malaria transmission due to multiple factors, including unfavourable habitats for Anopheles mosquitoes, generally healthier human populations, better access to healthcare, and higher housing standards. Statistical relationships have been explored at global and local scales, but generally only examining the effects of urbanization on single malaria metrics. In this study, associations between multiple measures of urbanization and a variety of malaria metrics were estimated at local scales.MethodsCohorts of children and adults from 100 households across each of three contrasting sub-counties of Uganda (Walukuba, Nagongera and Kihihi) were followed for 24 months. Measures of urbanicity included density of surrounding households, vegetation index, satellite-derived night-time lights, land cover, and a composite urbanicity score. Malaria metrics included the household density of mosquitoes (number of female Anopheles mosquitoes captured), parasite prevalence and malaria incidence. Associations between measures of urbanicity and malaria metrics were made using negative binomial and logistic regression models.ResultsOne site (Walukuba) had significantly higher urbanicity measures compared to the two rural sites. In Walukuba, all individual measures of higher urbanicity were significantly associated with a lower household density of mosquitoes. The higher composite urbanicity score in Walukuba was also associated with a lower household density of mosquitoes (incidence rate ratio = 0.28, 95 % CI 0.17–0.48, p < 0.001) and a lower parasite prevalence (odds ratio, OR = 0.44, CI 0.20–0.97, p = 0.04). In one rural site (Kihihi), only a higher density of surrounding households was associated with a lower parasite prevalence (OR = 0.15, CI 0.07–0.34, p < 0.001). And, in only one rural site (Nagongera) was living where NDVI ≤0.45 associated with higher incidence of malaria (IRR = 1.35, CI 1.35–1.70, p = 0.01).ConclusionsUrbanicity has been shown previously to lead to a reduction in malaria transmission at large spatial scales. At finer scales, individual household measures of higher urbanicity were associated with lower mosquito densities and parasite prevalence only in the site that was generally characterized as being urban. The approaches outlined here can help better characterize urbanicity at the household level and improve targeting of control interventions.

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Malaria indicator surveys demonstrate a markedly lower prevalence of malaria in large cities of sub-Saharan Africa

Cited by 24 publications

References 34 publications

Risk factors for <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre District, southern Malawi

Risk factors for <i>Anopheles</i> mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre District, southern Malawi

A cross-sectional study of the prevalence, density and risk factors associated with malaria transmission in urban communities of Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

Associations between urbanicity and malaria at local scales in Uganda

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