Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon

Castro, Márcia C.; Singer, Burton H.

doi:10.1002/9781119415961.ch10

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…This disease is among the top ten causes of death in low-income countries (2) and continues to take a heavy toll on communities, especially in Africa regions. The malaria transmission cycle involves four major elements: the host (human), the parasite, the vector and the environment (3). In the absence of effective vaccine or sustainable treatment options, vector control is the cornerstone of malaria management and is based on prevention of human-host contact and reduction in vector population density (1,4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in splice sites and prediction for the doublesex (dsx) gene alternative splicing in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.

Djihinto¹,

Saizonou²,

Djogbénou³

2020

Preprint

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Background: Malaria burden continues to be significant in tropical regions, and conventional vector control methods are faced with challenges such as insecticide resistance. To overcome these challenges, additional vector control interventions are vital and include modern genetic approaches as well as classical methods like the sterile insect technique (SIT). In the major human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, a candidate gene favourable for sterility induction is the doublesex (dsx) gene, encoding somatic sexually dimorphic traits in mosquitoes. However, the mechanism that regulates the expression of this gene in anopheline mosquitoes is poorly understood. This study aims to screen the An. gambiae dsx gene for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could be critical to its alternative splicing.Result: Variant annotation data from Ag1000G project phase 2 was analysed, in order to identify splice-relevant SNPs within acceptor and donor splice sites of the An. gambiae dsx gene (Agdsx). SNPs were found in both donor and acceptor site of the Agdsx. No splice-relevant SNPs were identified in female-specific intron 4 acceptor site and the corresponding region in males. Two SNPs (rs48712947, rs48712962) were found in female-specific donor site of exon 5. They were not specific to either males or females. as the rs48712947 was found in female mosquitoes from Cameroon, and in both males and females from Burkina Faso. In the other splice sites, the intron 3 acceptor site carried the greatest abundance of SNPs.Conclusion: There were no gender association between the identified SNPs and the random distribution of these SNPs in mosquito populations. The SNPs in Agdsx splice sites are not critical for the alternative splicing. Other molecular mechanisms should be considered and investigated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in splice sites and prediction for the doublesex (dsx) gene alternative splicing in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.

Djihinto¹,

Saizonou²,

Djogbénou³

2020

Preprint

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“…At the lowest, or micro scale, there is increased anopheline vector abundance resulting from a range of disturbances in the ecosystem, and increased human exposure as a consequence of inadequate housing 68 . At the community scale, weak institutions, marginalized settlers, high rates of in and out-migration, and human mobility together ensure the proliferation of Plasmodium parasites 24,30 . The national scale is characterized by an unplanned development program of land occupation based on distribution of small land properties 30 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the community scale, weak institutions, marginalized settlers, high rates of in and out-migration, and human mobility together ensure the proliferation of Plasmodium parasites 24,30 . The national scale is characterized by an unplanned development program of land occupation based on distribution of small land properties 30 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk of acquiring malaria in an agricultural settlement is mainly associated with environmental and socioeconomic determinants that include characteristics of human dwellings, proximity of dwellings to larval habitats of Ny. darlingi, exposure to infected biting females, and forest cover 21,23,26,28,29 ; access to health facilities, diagnostic and treatment for malaria, the educational level of human communities that is associated with community organization and knowledge relative to malaria transmission, history of previous migration, and the economic development of the communities, among others [29][30][31] . Moreover, economic growth of an Amazonian rural settlement depends on the development of a market network, robust transport system and social and public infrastructure, including construction of health facilities.…”

Section: Johnbelkinia Longipesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sistema ecológico da malária

Chaves¹,

Sallum²

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As alterações das paisagens promovidas pelo homem, em razão das atividades relacionadas ao uso e ocupação do solo, representam um desafio para as atividades de controle da malária na Amazônia brasileira. Desse modo, buscou-se avaliar o sistema ecológico da malária através da construção de três eixos: desmatamento, uso do solo e diversidade de Culicidae. Esses eixos tiveram a paisagem como centro de conexão, modulados por fatores de pressão (hospedeiro humano), de risco (o vetor) e de causa (o agente infeccioso). A transmissão de patógenos, incluindo espécies de Plasmodium, ocorre na intersecção entre os nichos do hospedeiro humano, dos vetores e dos parasitos, em ambiente que permite a interconexão dos mesmos. Nesse sentido, verificou-se que cada quilômetro quadrado de área impactada pelo desmatamento, entre 2009-2015, produziu 27 novos casos de malária (r² = 0,78; F1,10 = 35,81; P <0,001) na Amazônia Legal brasileira, com uma correlação positiva altamente significativa entre o número de áreas de florestas impactadas com menos de 5 km² e a incidência da doença. Em virtude das relações indiretas com o desmatamento, foi possível verificar que o aumento da produção de soja, madeira, gado e óleo de palma no mundo apresentou alta correlação positiva significativa com a incidência de malária em países tropicais. No cenário brasileiro, a abundância de Nyssorhynchus darlingi respondeu positivamente à perda da cobertura florestal de áreas endêmicas de malária. Ao contrário, a diversidade de Culicidae diminuiu, deixando os vetores como espécies dominantes, favorecendo a taxa de picada e a capacidade de transmissão do Plasmodium. Desse modo, foi possível concluir que a incidência da doença, em áreas rurais, está fortemente associada aos padrões de uso e ocupação do solo. A estrutura da paisagem pode ser indicador de risco para a doença, em virtude das dinâmicas ecológicas do Ny. darlingi. Palavras-chave: Malária, Culicidae, Nyssorhynchus darlingi, Ecologia da paisagem, Uso e ocupação do solo, Comércio global. ABSTRACT Chaves LSM. Ecological system of malaria [Doctoral Thesis]. São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. Portuguese. Changes in the landscapes caused by humans, due to the activities related to the use and occupation of the soil, represent a challenge for malaria control activities in the Brazilian Amazon. Therefore, we evaluated the ecological system of malaria in relation to the construction of three drivers: deforestation, land use and Culicidae diversity. These drivers had in common the landscape, modulated by factors of pressure (human host), risk (the vector) and necessary cause (the infectious agent). The transmission of pathogens, including species of Plasmodium, occurs at the intersection among niches of the human host, the vectors and the parasites, in an environment that allows the interconnection of these organisms. The data analyzed herein verified that every square kilometer of area impacted by deforestation between 2009-2015 produced 27 new cases of malaria (r² = 0.7...

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Malaria in the Brazilian Amazon

Cited by 2 publications

References 79 publications

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in splice sites and prediction for the doublesex (dsx) gene alternative splicing in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in splice sites and prediction for the doublesex (dsx) gene alternative splicing in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae.

Sistema ecológico da malária

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