Malaria in Addis Ababa and its environs: assessment of magnitude and distribution

Woyessa, Adugna; Gebre-Michael, Teshome; Ali, Ahmed; Kebede, Daniel

doi:10.4314/ejhd.v16i2.9805

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Similarly, decreased malaria prevalence was observed among community members living far from breeding sites which agrees with previous report from Ethiopia [21] and western Kenya [23]. Woyesa et al [10] also observed an inverse relationship between mosquito density in village and the distance of settlement from the river suggesting that mosquitoes tended not to fly far from breeding sites for blood meals.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

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Community knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria in a low endemic setting of Shewa Robit Town, northeastern Ethiopia

Abate¹,

Degarege

Erko

2013

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundSince malaria is one of the foremost public health problems in Ethiopia, assessment of situation of the disease, and communities’ knowledge and perceptions about malaria is necesary to institute appropriate preventive and control measures. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess malaria prevalence and knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) about the disease among ShewaRobit Town community, northeastern Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Shewa Robit Town from October to November 2011. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A total of 425 individuals were examined for malaria using thin and thick Giemsa stained blood film, and 284 of the participants were interviewed to assess their KAP about malaria. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess predictor factors for malaria prevalence.ResultsAll respondents had ever heard of malaria. Most of the respondents (85.2%) attributed the cause of malaria to mosquito bite. However, some of the respondents (>20%) mentioned lack of personal hygiene, exposure to cold weather, hunger, chewing maize stalk, body contact with malaria patient and flies as the causes of malaria. Sleeping under mosquito nets, draining stagnant water and indoor residual spraying were the most frequently mentioned malaria preventive measures perceived and practiced by the respondents. Among 425 individuals examined for malaria, only 2.8% were positive for Plasmodium parasites. Living in houses made of wall without hole, sprayed with insecticide within the last 12 hours and located at a distance of greater than 500 meters from potential mosquito breeding sites as well as knowing and using of mosquito net were significant predictors of low malaria prevalence among the study participants.ConclusionsA high level of knowledge about the cause, transmission and preventive methods of malaria was detected among the community in Shewa Robit Town. However, a considerable proportion had misconception about the cause and transmission of malaria suggesting the necessity of health education to raise the community’s awareness about the disease.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…However, studies documented increased malaria transmission in urban areas [10-13]. This could be associated with the rapid growth of cities coinciding with lack of proper sanitation, poor housing and poor drainage of surface water that facilitate human-mosquito interaction and subsequent malaria transmission [10-13]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria in a low endemic setting of Shewa Robit Town, northeastern Ethiopia

Abate¹,

Degarege

Erko

2013

BMC Public Health

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“…However, the magnitude of P. falciparium malaria exhibited increment with altitude above 1900 masl, implying the up scrolling of malaria to highland areas possibly due to change in climate variables as had already been evidenced elsewhere [14],[24]. The fact that P. falciparium prevails in the area mainly for short period of time following heavy rainfall from September to November usually in the form of epidemics [47], might have played a role in increasing the number of cases with altitude, as more susceptible individuals are exposed to the infection for relatively shorter duration due to the wave of epidemics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparium and Plasmodium vivaxin a micro-ecological setting, Southwest Ethiopia: effects of altitude and proximity to a dam

2014

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BackgroundRefining the spatial and temporal data on malaria transmissions at a defined ecological setting has practical implications for targeted malaria control and enhancing efficient allocation of resources. Spatial and temporal distribution of P. falciparium and P. vivax were explored around the Gilgel Gibe Hydroelectric Dam (GGHD) in southwest Ethiopia.MethodsA review of confirmed malaria episodes recorded over eight years at primary health services was conducted. Using individual identifiers and village names malaria records were cross-linked to location and individual records of Gilgel Gibe Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) data, which had already been geo-referenced. The study setting was categorized in to buffer zones with distance interval of one kilometer. Similarly, altitude of the area was categorized considering 100 meters height intervals. Incidence rate ratios were estimated using Poisson model for the buffer zones and for the altitudinal levels by adjusting for the underlying population density as an offset variable. Yearly temporal variations of all confirmed malaria cases were also evaluated based on the Poisson model using STATA statistical software version 12.ResultsA considerable proportion (45.0%) of the P. falciparium episodes were registered within one kilometer radius of the GGHD. P. falciparium showed increment with distance from the GGHD up to five kilometers and with altitude above 1900 meters while P. vivax exhibited the increase with distance but, decrease with the altitude. Both species showed significantly higher infection among males than females (P <0.01). Temporally, malaria episodes manifested significant increments in the years between 2006/7 to 2009/10 while reduction of the malaria episodes was indicated during 2004/5, 2005/6 and 2010/11 compared to 2003/4 (P <0.01). On average, P. vivax was 52% less than P. falciparium over the time period considered. P. vivax was significantly higher in the years 2004/5 to 2007/8 and 2010/11 (P <0.001).ConclusionsSpatial and temporal variations of malaria were observed. The spatial and temporal variations of malaria episodes were also different for the two main malaria species in the area.

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“…16 We have also included the urban populations of Eritrea and Ethiopia because recent research has shown that malaria has become a major public health problem with 92% and 40% of their population, respectively, at risk. 16,17 Surface estimates of malaria-endemic urban Africa. In the absence of precise data on surface areas of urban Africa, we used information on clusters of nighttime stable lights classified as human settlements as a proxy for urbanization.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa and Implication for Malaria Control

Keiser¹,

Utzinger²,

Castro³

et al. 2004

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

285

288

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Malaria not only remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, but it also impedes socioeconomic development, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Rapid and unprecedented urbanization, going hand-in-hand with often declining economies, might have profound implications for the epidemiology and control of malaria, as the relative disease burden increases among urban dwellers. Reviewing the literature and using a modeling approach, we find that entomologic inoculation rates in cities range from 0 to 54 per year, depending on the degree of urbanization, the spatial location within a city, and overall living conditions. Using the latest United Nations figures on urbanization prospects, nighttime light remotely sensed images, and the "Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa" results on climate suitability for stable malaria transmission, we estimate that 200 million people (24.6% of the total African population) currently live in urban settings where they are at risk of contracting the disease. Importantly, the estimated total surface area covered by these urban settings is only approximately 1.1-1.6% of the total African surface. Considering different plausible scenarios, we estimate an annual incidence of 24.8-103.2 million cases of clinical malaria attacks among urban dwellers in Africa. These figures translate to 6-28% of the estimated global annual disease incidence. Against this background, basic health care delivery systems providing early diagnosis and early treatment and preventive actions through mother and child health programs and the promotion of insecticide-treated bed nets for the rapidly growing numbers of the urban poor must be improved alongside well-tailored and integrated malaria control strategies. We propose environmental management and larviciding within well-specified productive sites as a main feature for such an integrated control approach. Mitigation of the current burden of malaria in urban African settings, in turn, is a necessity for stimulating environmentally and socially sustainable development.

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Malaria in Addis Ababa and its environs: assessment of magnitude and distribution

Cited by 12 publications

References 9 publications

Community knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria in a low endemic setting of Shewa Robit Town, northeastern Ethiopia

Community knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria in a low endemic setting of Shewa Robit Town, northeastern Ethiopia

Dynamics of Plasmodium falciparium and Plasmodium vivaxin a micro-ecological setting, Southwest Ethiopia: effects of altitude and proximity to a dam

Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa and Implication for Malaria Control

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