Malaria control by residual insecticide spraying in Chingola and Chililabombwe, Copperbelt Province, Zambia

Abstract

Summary Malaria is endemic in the whole of Zambia and is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Prior to 1980, effective malaria control was achieved in the northern mining towns of Chingola and Chililabombwe by means of annual residual spraying programmes. In the 1970s, incidence rates wereaslow as 20/1000 p.a., but by 2000 had increased to 68/1000 p.a. in Chingola and to 158/1000p.a.in Chililabombwe. Konkola Copper Mines (KCM) initiated a malaria control programme in which all dwellings in the two towns and within a 10‐km radius were sprayed with either dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane or a synthetic pyrethroid (Icon by ZENECA or Deltamethrin by Aventis). Houses were sprayed in November and December 2000, at the start of the peak transmission period. There was a statistically significant reduction in malaria incidence recorded at KCM health facilities in the two towns, representing a protective incidence rate ratio of 0.65 (95% CI 0.44, 0.97) when comparing the post‐spraying period with the corresponding period of the previous 2 years. This reduction followed a single round of house spraying during a year with higher rainfall than the preceding two and in an area where chloroquine was first‐line treatment. This house‐spraying programme is an example of private/public sector collaboration in malaria control.

Reduction of Malaria Prevalence by Indoor Residual Spraying: A Meta-Regression Analysis

“…Among the 13 studies selected for meta-regression analysis, two studies were randomized control trials (RCTs), 39,40 four were cross-sectional studies comparing malaria parasitemia rates in a population that lived in IRS-covered homes to another group that did not, 35,[41][42][43] and seven were cohort studies that assessed the parasitemia rate before IRS intervention and again at a certain time after IRS. 38,[44][45][46][47][48][49] This classification resulted in seven observations from RCTs (16%), 20 observations from cross-sectional studies (44%), and 18 observations from cohort studies (40%).…”

Underpinning Sustainable Vector Control through Informed Insecticide Resistance Management

“…Since 2007, only LLINs (either Permanet from Vestergaard Frandsen, Netprotect from BestNet, or Olyset from Sumitommo) have been distributed [10]. Prior to 2005, IRS was conducted primarily in Copperbelt Province surrounding mining communities [19]. IRS was scaled up to include 15 districts in 2005, 36 in 2008, 54 in 2010, and 72 in 2011 [11], [17].…”

Review of the malaria epidemiology and trends in Zambia

“…LLINs used in Zambia are pre-treated with deltamethrin. DDT, deltamethrin, lambdacyhalothrin and alphacypermethrin have been used for IRS following the re-introduction of the intervention through public-private collaboration [19] .…”