Malaria and Typhoid Fever: Prevalence, Co-Infection and Socio-Demographic Determinants among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at a Primary Healthcare Facility in Central Nigeria

Abstract

Aims: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence, co-infection and socio-demographic determinants of malaria and typhoid fever among pregnant women attending antenatal care at a primary health care facility in Central Nigeria.
 Study Design: The study was a cross sectional study.
 Place and Duration of Study: Keffi, Nasarawa State, between January and October, 2020.
 Methodology: Blood sample (4 ml) was collected from each of the 429 consenting pregnant women attending antenatal care at Primary Healthcare Centre main market, Keffi, Nasarawa State. Malaria parasite was detected from the blood samples using one-step malaria rapid diagnostic test kit (SD Bioline, Inc, USA) and was confirmed by Gimesa stained thin and thick film microscopy while typhoid fever was diagnosed using Cromatest widal commercial antigen suspension (Linear Chemicals, Barcelona, Spain). Data collected were analysed using Smith’s Statistical Package (version 2.8, California, USA) and P value of ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
 Results: Of the 429 pregnant women screened, 123(28.7%) had malaria, 33(7.7%) had typhoid fever while 12(2.8%) had malaria-typhoid co-infection. Malaria-typhoid co-infection was found to be higher among pregnant women aged ≤30 years (3.5%), traders (3.9%), with primary education (3.2%) and who were from rural areas (6.3%). However, only location of the pregnant women was associated with the rate of malaria-typhoid co-infection (P< 0.05) whereas age, educational status and occupation were independent of the co-infection (P> 0.05).
 Conclusion: We confirmed the presence of malaria-typhoid co-infection among pregnant women in the study area. Considering it adverse effects on pregnancy and it outcome, there is need for more efforts towards it prevention, control and management.

Prevalence, probability, and outcomes of typhoidal/non-typhoidal Salmonella and malaria co-infection among febrile patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…In Africa, 61 studies (75.3%) were conducted; in Asia, 19 studies (23.4%); and in Europe, 1 study. The African studies were conducted in Nigeria (30/61, 49.2%) 36 – 38 , 42 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 51 , 57 , 59 , 61 , 64 , 75 , 77 , 82 – 84 , 89 – 91 , 94 – 101 , 103 , 107 , Cameroon (5/61, 8.2%) 35 , 40 , 73 , 92 , 93 , Ghana (5/61, 8.2%) 41 , 53 , 56 , 76 , 85 , Kenya (5/61, 6.2%) 28 , 29 , 60 , 72 , 80 , Tanzania (4/61, 6.56%) 20 , 39 , 44 , 46 , Malawi 17 , 27 , 30 , Burkina Faso 54 , 86 , Mozambique 79 , Sierra Leone 87 , the Democratic Republic of the Congo 49 , Ethiopia 45 , Gabon 55 , and Gambia 31 , and one study was conducted in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Madagascar, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania 62 . The Asian studies were conducted in India (12/19, 63.2%) 43 , 66 – 68 , 71 , 74 , 81 , 88 , 104 –…”

“…Among the 81 studies included in the analysis, 49 studies (60.5%) enrolled febrile patients 35 – 41 , 43 – 47 , 50 – 53 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 62 , 64 – 68 , 70 – 77 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 87 , 89 , 90 , 92 , 93 , 95 , 98 , 102 – 108 , 8 studies enrolled pregnant women 42 , 61 , 82 , 91 , 94 , 96 , 100 , 101 , 6 studies enrolled patients with severe malaria 30 , 54 , 63 , 79 , 80 , 85 , 9 studies enrolled malaria positive patients 28 , 48 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 69 , 78 , 86 , 88 , 5 studies enrolled typhoid/non-typhoid-positive patients 17 , 27 , 29 , 31 , 49 , and one study enrolled children with pathogenic bacteremia 20 . Co-infections with malaria and typhoidal/NTS were reported in 4,523 cases from 73,775 total patients enrolled in the 81 included studies.…”

“…Salmonella spp. infection was identified using blood cultures (39/81, 48.1%) 17 , 20 , 27 – 31 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 47 , 49 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 – 58 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 71 , 72 , 74 , 77 – 81 , 83 , 85 , 89 , 98 , 104 – 106 , 108 , Widal test (27/81, 33.3%) 36 , 40 , 41 , 43 , 45 , 46 , 48 , 51 , 52 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 70 , 75 , 86 – 88 , 90 , 94 , 96 , 97 , 99 – 103 , stool cultures (5/81, 6.17%) 82 , 84 , 92 , 93 , 107 , RDTs (4/81, 4.94%) 35 , 42 , 73 , 91 , and molecular methods (3/43, 6.98%) 39 , 55 , 64 . One study …”

“…For the identification of malaria, Plasmodium spp. infections were identified via microscopy alone (52/81, 64.2%) 17 , 27 , 28 , 30 , 31 , 36 – 38 , 40 , 43 , 45 – 47 , 50 – 53 , 56 , 59 , 60 , 63 – 65 , 68 , 72 , 75 , 77 , 79 – 87 , 89 , 90 , 92 – 100 , 102 , 105 – 108 , microscopy/RDT (16/81, 19.8%) 20 , 41 , 44 , 49 , 54 , 58 , 61 , 66 , 69 , 71 , 74 , 78 , 88 , 91 , 103 , 104 , RDT alone (5/81, 6.17%) 57 , 67 , 73 , 76 , 101 , molecular method 39 , 55 , microscopy/RDT/molecular method 35 , 69 , not specified 42 , 48 , 70 , and ELISA 29 .…”

Malaria and Typhoid Fever Coinfection among Febrile Patients in Ngaoundéré (Adamawa, Cameroon): A Cross-Sectional Study

“…Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by protozoan parasites belonging to genus Plasmodium that are transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes [ 1 – 4 ]. This disease causes widespread deaths to children and economic hardships on poor household families [ 2 , 3 , 5 ].…”