Malakoplakia involving the maxilla: A case report and a review of the literature

Abstract

Malakoplakia is a rare inflammatory disorder which typically occurs in immunocompromised patients secondary to impaired bactericidal activity of macrophages. While this entity commonly arises in the genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts, lesions of the head and neck have been reported only rarely, with oral cavity involvement reported in 3 cases. The most common presentation of head and neck malakoplakia is that of a cutaneous flesh-colored papule or nodule. This case report, however, illustrates the first time malakoplakia is identified affecting the maxilla and maxillary alveolar ridge mucosa. Histochemical and immunohistochemical stains are presented and include positivity for PAS, von Kossa stain, iron stain, and CD68 and negativity for GMS and Gram stains, indicating an inability to demonstrate microbial infection. Thus, clinicians and pathologists alike should be aware of malakoplakia as a pathologic entity when forming differential diagnoses, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals.