Making the economy scream: Us economic sanctions against Sandinista Nicaragua

LeoGrande, William M.

doi:10.1080/01436599650035716

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The overall cost of the Contra War including physical damage, lost production, displacement of people from war zones and interruption of energy supplies was estimated at USD 2 billion (Leogrande 1996). At the end of the 1980s, Nicaragua's already dire economic situation worsened.…”

Section: The Late 1980s Economic Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the end of the 1980s, Nicaragua's already dire economic situation worsened. In 1986, GDP contracted by 5.9% and inflation reached 320% (Leogrande 1996). One year later, it soared to 1300%.…”

Section: The Late 1980s Economic Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In an effort to reduce inflation, public spending was reduced causing a severe recession. By 1988 the economy contracted by 15% and hyperinflated to 33,600% rendering the currency worthless and reducing trade to simple bartering (Leogrande 1996;Enriquez 1997). The economic crisis forced those who could farm to try to survive from one year to the next while the value of their harvests decreased and the prices of other goods increased.…”

Section: The Late 1980s Economic Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The economic crisis was a result of various factors including: problems with the Sandinista development strategy (see Enriquez 1991Enriquez , 1997, wartime expenditures and economic policies imposed by the US Government during the 1980s. The Reagan administration suspended economic aid to Nicaragua (Leogrande 1996), used its veto power or political influence to block numerous loans to Nicaragua (including from the IMF, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank), and pressured other countries not to make bilateral loans (Leogrande 1996). In 1983, the United States reduced Nicaragua's share of the US sugar quota by 90% and escalated the economic sanctions by imposing a full trade embargo in 1984 (Leogrande 1996).…”

Section: The Late 1980s Economic Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Agrarian change in tropical landscapes

Ahammad¹,

Stacey²

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We would like to thank all funding partners who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a full list of the 'CGIAR Fund' funding partners please see: http://www.cgiar.org/who-we-are/cgiar-fund/fund-donors-2/ Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of CIFOR, the editors, the authors' institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers.

show abstract

Section: The Late 1980s Economic Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Late 1980s Economic Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Late 1980s Economic Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Late 1980s Economic Crisismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Agrarian change in tropical landscapes

Ahammad¹,

Stacey²

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In contrast, bean yields, while closer to world averages in recent years, have actually fallen since the 1960s! Yield stagnation in Nicaragua has a number of causes which include political instability in the last half-century (wars and trade embargoes), natural disasters (both earthquakes and extreme climate events like hurricanes and droughts) (Kinzer, 2007;LeoGrande, 1996;Pielke et al, 2003), declining soil fertility (Stoorvogel and Smaling, 1998), and limited access to improved seed and inputs (Food and Agriculture Organization, 2012). Today, between a third and a half of Nicaraguan farmers use chemical fertilizers (CENAGRO, 2010), especially for maize production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical climate trends, deforestation, and maize and bean yields in Nicaragua

Gourdji

Läderach²,

Valle³

et al. 2015

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

a b s t r a c tNicaragua has already experienced substantial climate change, in part due to a loss of one half of its forest cover in the last half-century. In this study, we assess the extent to which historical climate trends have contributed to stagnating yields for maize (Zea mays) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), the two main staple crops in the country. We first analyze 40 years of historical weather data throughout Nicaragua to estimate trends, and assess the extent to which these trends correlate with spatial deforestation patterns. Then, we create a regression model linking department-level maize and bean yields with seasonal weather conditions, and use the model to estimate the impact of historical climate trends on yields. Regressions are run for yields on both harvested and sown area, with the latter accounting for the effect of complete crop losses. Results confirm strong warming trends throughout the country, with daytime temperatures in deforested areas warming at more than double the rate of global averages in the tropics. Decreases in rainfall frequency are also seen almost everywhere, along with an earlier end to the rainy season. Regression model results show, as expected, that red bean is a highly temperature-sensitive crop, and that maize is more water-limited than bean due to its longer seasonal duration. Warming temperatures and less frequent rainfall have led to drought-related losses for both crops in the main commercial production areas, while heavier rains at planting and harvest have also negatively affected yields, especially for bean. Moreover, reduced precipitation in December and January has negatively impacted production for bean in the commercially important apante, or dry season, on the humid Atlantic side of the country. In these areas, however, substantial model uncertainty remains for maize, with an alternative model formulation showing substantial benefits from drier and sunnier conditions. At an annual, national scale, beans have been more affected by climate trends since 1970 than maize, with −5% yield declines per decade on harvested area for bean and −4% for maize, and −12% and −7% yield declines respectively on sown area (with the alternative model showing gains for maize). Climate adaptation responses include government efforts to limit bean exports to control consumer prices, a switch from red to black bean for commercial sales and export, and area expansion and migration for bean in order to maintain production levels.

show abstract

Internationalisation of a Migrant Family Firm and Contextual Uncertainty: The Role of Ethnic Social Networks

Centeno-Caffarena

Cruz

2021

The Palgrave Handbook of Family Firm Internationalization

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

There is a dearth of studies that investigate how and why firms, formed by migrant families in uncertain contexts, internationalise. Such topic is important as there are calls to understand the unique approach migrant families in business may take to address contextual uncertainty.Recent studies suggest that a focus on social networks may help to theorize the way migrant families in business go beyond host country borders. We argue that the social resources that migrant families in business leverage to internationalise, particularly ethnic networks, may provide them with both advantages and disadvantages. This chapter relies on a single case study of a diversified agrobusiness, owned and managed by a German migrant family in business in Nicaragua. Findings reveal how contextual challenges foster the early and continued reliance on ethnic networks to internationalise. Critical events reinforce such dependence yet prompt the expansion of existing networks beyond family and ethnic circles.The chapter contributes to extending knowledge in the fields of internationalisation and family business in developing economies.

show abstract

Making the economy scream: Us economic sanctions against Sandinista Nicaragua

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Agrarian change in tropical landscapes

Agrarian change in tropical landscapes

Historical climate trends, deforestation, and maize and bean yields in Nicaragua

Internationalisation of a Migrant Family Firm and Contextual Uncertainty: The Role of Ethnic Social Networks

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About