Making the “C-ACE” for a Culturally-Informed Adverse Childhood Experiences Framework to Understand the Pervasive Mental Health Impact of Racism on Black Youth

Bernard, Donte L.; Calhoun, Casey D.; Banks, Devin E.; Halliday, Colleen A.; Hughes‐Halbert, Chanita; Danielson, Carla Kmett

doi:10.1007/s40653-020-00319-9

Cited by 168 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…Thus, it is possible that childhood and adolescence are also sensitive periods during which the link between ELRD and adult discrimination is especially amplified. These findings are bolstered by several recent studies that underscore the significance of racism as an influential form of early adversity among Black Americans, emphasizing the need to evaluate the timing of such events to clarify their long-term health consequences (Bernard et al, 2020; Cave et al, 2020; Gee et al, 2019). Our study adds to this growing body of research by elucidating adult discrimination as a significant mechanism through which ELRD shapes adult health outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Early Life Racial Discrimination Explain a Mental Health Paradox among Black Adults?

Tobin

Moody

2021

J Aging Health

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Objectives: To evaluate the impact of early life racial discrimination (ELRD) on mental health among Black adults. Methods: Data were from the Nashville Stress and Health Study ( n = 618). Ordinary least squares regression models examined the relationship between ELRD and adult psychological distress; logistic regression estimated the probability of past-year major depressive disorder (MDD). We also assessed whether ELRD moderated the relationship between adult discrimination and mental health. Results: Childhood (b = 1.07, SE = .51, p = .04) and adolescent ELRD (b = 1.32, SE = .42, p = .002) were associated with adult distress. Individuals who experienced childhood ERLD had 88% lower odds of adult MDD than individuals with no ELRD. Significant interactions showed that childhood and adolescent ELRD was protective against adult discrimination. Discussion: While ELRD importantly shapes distress and MDD among Black adults, patterns vary by outcome. Results indicate that adult distress and MDD develop through cumulative adversity processes that are further influenced by sensitive periods in the life course.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does Early Life Racial Discrimination Explain a Mental Health Paradox among Black Adults?

Tobin

Moody

2021

J Aging Health

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“…Consistent with the ecological systems theory of development, the microsystem (ie, most proximal factors including family and peers, such as exposure to substance use or violence at home), exosystem (ie, community, neighborhoods, and school settings, such as community violence and the availability of alcohol supply stores), and macrosystem (ie, most distal factors including policies, cultural beliefs, and values, such as structural disenfranchisement and discrimination) factors as well as their interactions can influence youth substance use behaviors [18,19]. These factors may uniquely affect ethnic minority youth because of greater exposure to microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem adversities [20]. Indeed, ethnic minority youth in urban communities are more likely to witness drug use, experience traumatic events, and live in underresourced communities, which can all facilitate poor mental health outcomes and drug abuse [21][22][23].…”

Section: Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Neighborhoods’ Impact on Youth Substance Use and Mental Health Outcomes in Paterson, New Jersey: Protocol for a Community-Based Participatory Research Study

Opara¹,

Leonard²,

Thorpe³

et al. 2021

JMIR Res Protoc

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Background Substance use among youth is a major public health concern. Of note, substance use among youth is increasing in prevalence, and the incidence of substance use at earlier ages is rising. Given the long-term consequences of early substance use, it is important to identify factors that increase youth vulnerability to drug use, as they may be important targets for future interventions. Objective This study aims to use innovative methods, such as venue-based sampling, to recruit youth who are disconnected from school and use community-based participatory research to gain a better understanding of the prevalence of substance use and important correlates among youth aged between 13 and 21 years in Paterson, New Jersey, a low-income, urban community. The study will use a convergent, mixed methods design involving multiple data collection components and the analysis of a ministrative data source, designed with the strengths of complex intervention frameworks in mind. The overall aims of the study are to identify the prevalence of substance use among youth who are engaged in school and not engaged in school; to understand important antecedents and correlates of substance use; and to use this information to inform social, environmental, and culturally appropriate interventions to address substance use and its correlates among youths in a lower-resourced urban community. Methods This study will use both qualitative and quantitative methods to address important questions. Specifically, semistructured interviews using focus group and interview methodologies will be used to assess youths’ lived experiences and will account for specific details that quantitative methods may not be able to attain. In addition, quantitative methods will be used to examine direct and multilevel associations between neighborhood factors and youth substance use and mental health outcomes. Results A previous analysis from a substance use initiative in Paterson, New Jersey found that youth who use substances such as marijuana and alcohol are more likely to have higher rates of depression and anxiety. On the basis of the research questions, this study will examine the association between neighborhood characteristics, substance use, and mental health symptoms among youth in Paterson by using quantitative and qualitative methods and will use these findings to inform the adaptation of a community- and evidence-based substance use prevention intervention for these youths. Conclusions The findings of this study will provide an important contribution to understanding the role of socioecological factors in predicting substance use and mental health outcomes among youth in a lower-resourced, urban community. Furthermore, these findings will serve as evidence for the development of a culturally informed, community-based prevention program to address substance use disparities for youth, including those who are truant in Paterson, New Jersey. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/29427

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“…Racial discrimination can also be traumatic for children of color and may amplify the negative effects of other stressors experienced by this population (Bernard et al, 2021). Moreover, racism-related encounters, such as racial discrimination, may be a distinct form of traumatic stress (i.e., racial trauma), given the strong connections between racism-related experiences and traumarelated symptoms, particularly in Black children and youth (Bernard et al, 2021). Some children and their families can demonstrate resilience despite their exposure to adversity and trauma (Goldstein et al, 2020).…”

Section: Adversity and Trauma During Childhoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equity-Focused, Trauma-Informed Policy Can Mitigate COVID-19’s Risks to Children’s Behavioral Health

Champine

Lang

Mamidipaka

2021

Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences

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Both vulnerabilities to COVID-19 and childhood trauma have deep roots in health inequities. Children of color especially risk severe COVID-19 illness, with long-term effects that amplify existing health disparities, including trauma exposure. Similarly, children of color report more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) than non-Hispanic White children. ACEs and other potentially traumatic events are associated with lifelong physical and psychological health problems. Policy must prioritize health equity (the absence of differences in health care access, quality, and outcomes based on ethnicity, race, and socioeconomic status). A trauma-informed approach emphasizes recovery and resilience. Principles of health equity can join with trauma-informed policy and practice for families and communities to help mitigate the effects of childhood trauma during the pandemic and beyond.

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Making the “C-ACE” for a Culturally-Informed Adverse Childhood Experiences Framework to Understand the Pervasive Mental Health Impact of Racism on Black Youth

Cited by 168 publications

References 144 publications

Does Early Life Racial Discrimination Explain a Mental Health Paradox among Black Adults?

Does Early Life Racial Discrimination Explain a Mental Health Paradox among Black Adults?

Understanding Neighborhoods’ Impact on Youth Substance Use and Mental Health Outcomes in Paterson, New Jersey: Protocol for a Community-Based Participatory Research Study

Equity-Focused, Trauma-Informed Policy Can Mitigate COVID-19’s Risks to Children’s Behavioral Health

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