“…Hospitals or obstetricians might employ midwives as staff members to provide labor support or as primary providers operating within their practice. In some instances, they have been mainstreamed into traditional medical practices while enhancing efficiency and sustaining a family-centered focus (Dickinson, Jackson, & Swartz, 1994;Lyons, Reinke, Sutherland, & Zelenkov, 1992). In other instances, they have faced a great deal of resistance (Langton, 1994).…”