“…Harman's work as secretary of state for equalities entailed review of the legislative framework, responding to domestic and external (European Union) pressures for change (Grimshaw, 2007;Squires, 2007), and drawing on advocacy and research by leading equalities campaigners and experts, which reflected dissatisfaction with the prevailing approach relying on individual litigation (Conley, 2014;Deakin et al, 2012;Hepple, 2012;Kahn and Meehan, 1992;Rubery and Grimshaw, 2015). The new model, as outlined in the 2001 Hepple report, rested on three basic principles: strong incentives for internal scrutiny by organizations; engagement with stakeholders; and an independent enforcement agency with the ability to apply deterrent sanctions if voluntarism fails (Hepple, 2012: 65; see also Fredman, 2008;Harrington, 2001;Hepple, 2011a). Responding to the Hepple report's recommendations, the Labour Party pledged support for a single equality bill in its 2005 manifesto, but it took another two years for draft texts to be prepared and opened to consultation.…”