“…These plants have been—and continue to be—used in many ways, including as poisons, pesticides, narcotics, medicines, managed wild foods, and as components of indigenous agroecological systems (see, e.g., Beck 1992; Bonta et al 2019; Bradley 2005; Carrasco et al 2022; Khuraijam and Singh 2012; Osborne et al 2007; Patiño 1989; Smith 1982; Thieret 1958, among numerous others). Beyond such practical functions, cycads also play significant roles within indigenous epistemologies and symbolic complexes, rituals, artistic traditions, and cultural practices (see, e.g., Alcorn 1984; Bonta 2022; Bonta and Bamigboye 2018; Carrasco 2020, 2022; Cousins, Williams, and Witkowski 2012; Krishnamurthy 2014; Osborne et al 1994; Pérez-Farrera and Vovides 2006; Radha and Singh 2008). The presence of cycads in many early regional archaeological records, their prominent place in aboriginal mythologies and symbolism, and their continued use in various contexts all point to their enduring conceptual saliency and cultural significance.…”