Making by Grinding: Mechanochemistry Boosts the Development of Halide Perovskites and Other Multinary Metal Halides

Abstract

Mechanochemical synthesis has recently emerged as a promising route for the synthesis of functional lead halide perovskites as well as other (lead‐free) metal halides. Mechanochemical synthesis presents several advantages with regards to more commonly used solution‐based processes such as an inherent lower toxicity by avoiding organic solvents and a finer control over stoichiometry of the final products. The ease of implementation, either through the use of a simple mortar and pestle or with an electrically powered ball‐mill, and low amount of side products make mechanochemical synthesis appealing for upscaling the production of halide perovskites. Due to the defect tolerance of lead halide perovskites, they are ideally suited to be prepared by this solvent‐free method. However, the implementation of these semiconductors in high‐efficiency optoelectronic devices requires the transformation of synthesized powder into smooth thin films where still some hurdles remain to be cleared.

Nano Ball‐Milling Using Titania Nanoparticles to Anchor Cesium Lead Bromine Nanocrystals and Energy Transfer Characteristics in TiO2@CsPbBr3 Architecture

“…The same results are also reported in previous works. [13,14] To further clarify the formation mechanism, the characteristic of lattice matching in the TiO 2 @CsPbBr 3 architectures is studied as shown in Figure S4, Supporting Information. According to the results of simulation, there is relatively large lattice mismatching for most of lattice planes.…”

“…Among the numerous synthetic methods, mechanical ball-milling and grinding have been proved to be efficient ways to acquire large scale CsPbX 3 NCs under the conditions of room temperature and inert gas-free. [11][12][13][14] However, it is difficult to form the heterojunctions under the action of mechanical stress by grinding rod and milling balls with macro sizes. In view of the character of soft lattice for allinorganic halide perovskite NCs, [15][16][17][18] metal oxides nanoparticles (NPs) with high hardness as main media of chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) have been extensively used to smooth the surface of wafers in integrated circuit manufacturing.…”

Dry Mechanochemical Synthesis of Highly Luminescent, Blue and Green Hybrid Perovskite Solids

“…It is a simple method which can lead to higher purity due to the absence of processing additives and solvents. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Mechanochemical synthesis can be used to synthesize multicomponent compounds simply by mixing the chemical precursors in the appropriate stoichiometry. Impor-www.advopticalmat.de mixed accordingly to the targeted compound's stoichiometry MA 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(Br 0.6 Cl 0.4 ) 3 inside a nitrogen-filled glove box and introduced in a 10 mL zirconia ball-mill jar together with zirconia beads.…”

“…Solvent‐free “dry” mechanochemical synthesis is an alternative technique to prepare perovskites with virtually any composition. It is a simple method which can lead to higher purity due to the absence of processing additives and solvents . Mechanochemical synthesis can be used to synthesize multicomponent compounds simply by mixing the chemical precursors in the appropriate stoichiometry.…”

Tunable Wide‐Bandgap Monohalide Perovskites

“…This approach enables the formation of perovskites in a time-efficient and solventfree manner. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Structural and optical characterization of the mechanochemically-synthesized perovskites were carried out showing good metal mixing and tunable bandgaps. We demonstrate that similar to the iodide Sn-Pb analogues also for the bromide-based perovskite the mixed Sn-Pb have bandgaps below the pure Sn or pure Pb based perovskites, an effect known as bandgap bowing.…”