Making arm movements within different parts of space: dynamic aspects in the primate motor cortex

Abstract

The activity of 176 individual cells in the arm area of motor cortex (areas 4 and 6) was studied while monkeys made arm movements of similar direction within different parts of extrapersonal space. The behavioral paradigm used was a 3-dimensional reaction-time task aimed at dissociating the direction of movement, which remained similar across the work space, from the patterns of muscular activity and the angular joint excursions necessary to perform these movements. In agreement with other studies (Georgopoulos et al., 1982; Schwartz et al., 1988), we found that, within a given part of space, the activity of 169 (96.0%) cells studied increased most for a given preferred direction and less for other directions of movement. This change was graded in an orderly fashion. We further analyzed the orientation in space of the cells' preferred directions under the differing conditions of the task. We found that, as movements with similar trajectories were made within different parts of space, the cells' preferred directions changed spatial orientation. This change was of different magnitudes for different cells, but at the level of the population, it followed closely the changes in orientation of the arm necessary to perform the movements required by the task. Movement population vectors (Georgopoulos et al., 1983, 1986, 1988) computed from cell activity proved to be good predictors of movement direction regardless of where in space the movements were performed. These results indicate that motor cortical cells can code direction of movement in a way which is dependent on the position of the arm in space. The data are discussed in relation to the existence of mechanisms which facilitate the transformation between extrinsic and intrinsic coordinates. These transformations are necessary to perform arm movements to visual targets in space.

Coordination of multiple muscles in two degree of freedom elbow movements

“…The activity of cell populations is greatest for hand movements in a particular direction and decreases progressivelyas direction changes. Similar patterns have been reported in motor cortex (Caminiti et al 1990;Georgopoulos et al 1982Georgopoulos et al . 1986Kalaska et al 1989;Schwartz et al 1988), cerebellarcortex (Fortieret al 1989).…”

Speech sound acquisition, coarticulation, and rate effects in a neural network model of speech production.

“…The multiplicative relationship between the GO signal and a desired movement vector as exemplified by Equation 9 has been used to explain a very large amount of data from the movement control literature (Bullock & Grossberg, 1988), including data on synchronous movement completion by different joints (Freund & Budingen, 1978), muscle contraction duration in variance (Freund & Budingen, 1978;Ghez & Vicario, 1978), bell-shaped velocity profiles (Howarth & Beggs, 1971), changing velocity profile asymmetry at higher movement speeds (Beggs & Howarth, 1972;Zelaznik, Schmidt, & Gielen, 1986), amplification of peak velocity during target switching (Georgopoulos, Kalaska, & Massey, 1981), and speed-accuracy trade-offs (Fitts, 1954;Woodworth, 1899). Furthermore, Guenther (1992) and Bullock et al (1993) showed that directional tuning curve properties of neurons used in such a mechanism closely match the properties of cells found in monkey motor cortex (e.g., Caminiti, Johnson, & Urbano, 1990;Georgopoulos, Kalaska, Caminiti, & Massey, 1982).…”

“…Furthermore, Guenther (1992) and Bullock eta!. (1993) showed that directional tuning curve properties of neurons utilized in such a mechanism closely match the properties of cells found in monkey motor cortex (e.g., Georgopoulos, Kalaska, Caminiti, and Massey, 1982;Caminiti, Johnson, and Urbano, 1990). …”

Tuning Curves for Movement Direction in the Human Visuomotor System

“…Arm posture , wrist rotation (Kakei et al, 1999), and changes in the starting location (Caminiti et al, 1990) modulate directional selectivity in M1, suggesting that this area contains neuronal populations that represent movement direction at the level of parameters such as muscle forces and joint angles (Todorov, 2003).…”