Making a Way: Strategies of Southern Urban African-American Families, 1900 and 1936

Hunter, Andrea G.

doi:10.1177/036319909301800303

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Some children grow up with the expectation that care is more communal and that boundaries of households are more fluid. In such settings, children may come to expect that there are many trusted adults to whom they can relate and accept the reality that this pool may expand or contract with changing family circumstances (Hunter, 1993). Frequency of change of child care arrangement may well correlate with other indices of family instability, such as moves and job shifts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Before Head Start: Income and Ethnicity, Family Characteristics, Child Care Experiences, and Child Development

Network¹

2001

Early Education and Development

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The present study describes the early life histories of a large sample of three-yearold children from different ethnic backgrounds living in three levels of family income-poverty, near-poverty, and above-poverty. The study examined the developmental characteristics of children in the three groups and related them to family characteristics and experiences in child care. To no one's surprise, significant differences associated with income were found for most of the family measures. Poverty and near-poverty families were more likely to have mothers with lower education, less sensitivity, more depression, and lower HOME scores. Correlatively, for the child development measures, there was an upward progression associated with income. Poverty children consistently showed the greatest deviation from established norms for cognitive and social behavior. A striking finding, however, was the considerable variability found on all the measures-a pattern not sufficiently stressed in related research. This finding has major implications for curriculum planning in Head Start programs. The analysis also showed that child care experience cannot be disregarded as a significant aspect of the history of a prospective enrollee in Head Start or other intervention programs geared to low-income children. Fewer of these children are likely to have a child care history, as families that used at least 10 hours of child care per week were less likely to be either poor or near-poor and thus eligible for enrollment. While this may reflect selection factors associated with child care usage, it also indicates that availability of child care is essential for borderline families that try to stay out of poverty. Number of hours of care per week and age of enrollment did not predict developmental level when the full income sample was considered. However, when only poor and near-poor children in care for at least 20 hours a week were used in the analysis, higher quality of care was associated with more favorable developmental outcomes in the children. This study is directed by a Steering Committee and supported by NICHD through a cooperative agreement (U10) which calls for scientific collaboration between the grantees and the NICHD staff. The participating investigators are listed in alphabetical order with their institutional affiliations designated by number: Mark Appelbaum (11); Jay Belsky (1); Kimberly Boller (5); Cathryn L. Booth (19); Robert Bradley (8); Celia Brownell (15); Donna Bryant (13); Margaret Burchinal (13); Bettye Caldwell (9); Susan Campbell (15); Alison Clarke-Stewart 10); Martha Cox (13); Sarah L. Friedman (5); Kathryn Hirsh-Pasek (7); Aletha Huston (16); Deborah Johnson (4); Bonnie Knoke (6); Nancy Marshall (21); Kathleen McCartney (3); Marion O'Brien (12); Margaret Tresch-Owen (17); Chris Payne (14); Deborah Phillips (2); Robert Pianta (18); Henry Ricciuti (5); Wendy Robeson (21);Since the launching of Head Start in 1965 as an enrichment program for poor children prior to formal school entry, a wealth of data has been collected ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Before Head Start: Income and Ethnicity, Family Characteristics, Child Care Experiences, and Child Development

Network¹

2001

Early Education and Development

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“…Clearly, Black males have had to be men in a historical and cultural context that varied radically from White males; however, emasculation and pathology were not the inevitable consequences of this variation. The historical record indicates that even in the worst of times-through slavery, economic deprivation, and urbanization-Black men managed to develop a sense of dignity and self-worth, were connected to their families, and provided for them as best they could (Bowman, 1989;Cazenave, 1979Cazenave, , 1984Gutman, 1976; Gwaltney, 1980;Hunter, 1988;Shaw, 1974). In this study we asked men what manhood meant to them; what we found was a perspective on manhood and masculinity often hidden in the discourse on the Black male &dquo;crisis.&dquo; MANHOOD AND THE CRISIS OF BLACK MEN Being Black and male in American society places one at risk for unemployment (Wilson, 1987; U.S. Department of Labor, 1991), school failure (Garibaldi, 1988), and violence and crime (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1985Statistics, ,1988Oliver, 1989b).…”

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confidence: 99%

Hidden Voices of Black Men

Hunter

Davis

1994

Journal of Black Studies

Self Cite

147

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Specifically, men's roles as economic providers or as patriarchs have been central to this work. Black males' struggles with manhood, whether a byproduct of structural barriers, cultural pathology, or both, are implicated as a contributor to the rates of female-headed households, never-married childbearing, and divorce in Black communities (Liebow, 1967;Staples, 1982;Wilson, 1987). However, the meaning of manhood has been treated as largely unidimensional and universal-man as economic provider and as head of the family. Further, what Black men are and what they should be is measured against the status and privilege of White males. The result is that we know little about how Black men define themselves either within or beyond conventional notions of masculinity and manhood.AUTHORS' NOTE: We wish to thank the men who shared their lives with us.

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The other breadwinners

Hunter

2001

The History of the Family

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Making a Way: Strategies of Southern Urban African-American Families, 1900 and 1936

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

Before Head Start: Income and Ethnicity, Family Characteristics, Child Care Experiences, and Child Development

Before Head Start: Income and Ethnicity, Family Characteristics, Child Care Experiences, and Child Development

Hidden Voices of Black Men

The other breadwinners

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