Major fluvial erosion and a 500‐Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava‐dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador

Abstract

The failure of a 144‐m‐high lava‐dam waterfall on the Río Coca, Ecuador, in February 2020 initiated a catastrophic watershed reset—regressive erosion upstream and a massive sediment pulse downstream—as the river evolves towards a new equilibrium grade. The evolution of this river corridor after a sudden base‐level fall embodies the “complex response” concepts long understood through laboratory experiments, numerical modelling and smaller‐scale field studies, but that have not been observed in the field before on this scale. This paper presents geomorphic and geotechnical data to characterize the evolution of the Río Coca since 2020. In the three years after the lava‐dam failure, the erosion front migrated almost 13 km upstream along the mainstem river and triggered secondary headcuts that began migrating up tributaries. Erosion of the mainstem and tributary valleys generated a sediment pulse estimated to be 277 million m3 and ~500 million tonnes (Mt) over three years, depositing sediment tens of meters thick over tens of kilometres downstream from the former waterfall. This sediment pulse is one of the largest in modern times, comparable to the annual sediment load of a major continent‐draining river but with orders‐of‐magnitude greater sediment yield. Geomorphic adjustment of the Río Coca represents a highly unusual natural disaster threatening life, property, water quality, the regional economy, major infrastructure and energy security. However, this event also provides a rare opportunity to learn how a large autogenic watershed disturbance and recovery evolve, with important lessons for interpreting the sedimentary record of volcanic landscapes.

The Incomplete Record of Autogenic Processes Sets Limits on Signal Detectability

“…Furthermore, the sedimentary record at one locality in a STS may not record evidence of all sediment-transport events as the signal may not be of sufficient magnitude to propagate and deposit downstream. For example, a 500 million ton sediment pulse generated in response to knickpoint collapse on the Rio Coca in Ecuador occurred in the upstream reach but is likely undetectable at the mouth of the Amazon (Barrera Crespo et al, 2024). Field evidence over a range of scales suggests that stratigraphy is more likely to record mundane, common transport conditions (Ganti et al, 2020).…”

Quantifying landscape change following catastrophic dam failures in Edenville and Sanford, Michigan, USA

“…However, the geomorphic effects of catastrophic dam failure are poorly constrained due to the rarity of such events, limiting our ability to prepare for and mitigate future damage. There are natural analogues to catastrophic dam failures, which include outbreak floods due to failures in ice dams (Carrivick & Tweed, 2019), lava dams (Barrera Crespo et al, 2024), glacial moraines (Harrison et al, 2018) or landslide dams (Liu et al, 2019), and large floods on Mars (Lapotre et al, 2016). However, these analogues are also rare and generally lack quantitative prefailure and post-failure observations (Pearson et al, 2011).…”