Major epidemiological factors associated with leptospirosis in Malaysia

Garba, Bashiru; Bahaman, Abdul Rani; Bejo, Siti Khairani; Zakaria, Zunita; Mutalib, Abdul; Bande, Faruku

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.12.010

Cited by 68 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Exposure to animals could be a potential risk factor for the disease. Contact with contaminated soil with rats' urine surrounding home was found to be highly associated as an independent factor [14,24,26,39]. Auto repair mechanics was an interesting finding in this study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

The role of gender in the prevalence of human leptospirosis in Albania

Puca¹,

Pipero²,

Harxhi³

et al. 2018

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic spirochetal disease with global importance, which continues to have a major impact on public health in developing countries. The prevalence of the disease is much higher in males. The objectives of this study were: to give some data and to share our experience with human leptospirosis in Albania; to describe the prevalence regarding to the role of gender in the prevalence of human leptospirosis; to make a gender specific analysis of the clinical manifestations in patients diagnosed and treated for leptospirosis in our service and to make a review of literature related to this hypothesis. Methodology: We reviewed the epidemiologic data, risk factors and differences in clinical presentation between males and females’ patients with leptospirosis. These data are analysed from hospitalized patients. Diagnosis of leptospirosis was established based on clinical presentation, epidemiological data and subsequently confirmed serologically by Anti-Leptospira IgM antibodies through ELISA test. Results: Between 2005-2016, 233 cases of confirmed leptospirosis were analysed. Males were 208 (89.27%) and 25 of patients (10.72%) were females in ratio 9:1 p < 0.001. The highest prevalence was observed in the 45-64 age groups. Overall mortality was found to be 8.58%, 19 were males and one female p < 0.001. Conclusions: There is a much higher prevalence of leptospirosis in middle aged men. Mortality rate seems to be similar in males and females. While the difference in prevalence may be related to exposure to risk factors, further investigation is necessary to study gender-based genetic and immunological predisposition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

The role of gender in the prevalence of human leptospirosis in Albania

Puca¹,

Pipero²,

Harxhi³

et al. 2018

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…This disease is prevalent among farmers, abattoir workers, miners, sewer workers and cleaners as these occupations are in continuous contact with water and soil that may have been contaminated by Leptospira sp. [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Climatic conditions are at the forefront among the contributing factors of endemicity and the persistence of Leptospira sp. in the natural environment [8,9,10], particularly during the rainy season.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Variation in the Relationship between Leptospirosis Incidence and Climate Determinants in Sarawak (Malaysia)

Kira

Bilung²,

Ngui

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by spirochete bacteria in the genus Leptospira, and it has become a significant public health challenge in Malaysia. Environmental survival and persistence of this pathogen are highly dependent on environmental conditions such as moisture content, pH and temperature. These conditions are further adapted by the natural climate system including precipitation and humidity which is highly heterogeneous at a geographical scale. This paper described the spatial and temporal distribution of leptospirosis incidence with climate factors using Geographical Information System and stratified the climate factors based on their association with the disease incidence rate. Methods Leptospirosis surveillance data from 2012-2016 were integrated into this study along with seven geo-spatial climate variables for the state of Sarawak, Malaysia. High and low clustering of incidence rate was explored by Getis Ord Gi* statistics. Geographical Weighted Regression model was utilized to study the relationship between the incidence rate and selected climate variables. Results Spatial analysis revealed seven districts in the state of Sarawak as hot spot areas, and six cold spot areas with GiZ score varies between (-3.092 to 3.203). The cumulative incidence rate demonstrated an increasing trend towards the South-East region of Sarawak with an average of 162 cases per 100,000 population. The univariate analysis reported a significant relationship (p<0.05) between leptospirosis incidence rate and temperature seasonality with the lowest AIC value of 31741.4. The results showed that temperature seasonality explained 99% (R2: 0.99) of the spatial variances in incidence rate with 42.31% of the localities showing a significant positive relationship. Conclusion The present study highlighted the importance of temperature seasonality as a potential determinant for the spatial distribution of leptospirosis cases with different strength and direction of the association. In conclusion, this suggests that specific interventions at a locality with strong climate determinants should be implemented to combat the burden of leptospirosis.

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“…Human beings, domestic animals and wildlife species are susceptible to a wide variety of serovars (VIEIRA; LINLENBAUM; 2017). The disease is transmitted directly following contact with infected urine and other body fluids or indirectly after contact with water or soil contaminated with infected urine (GARBA et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in cattle herds from indigenous reserves

Guedelha

Sousa

et al. 2019

AVB

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The aim of the current study is to evaluate the epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in cattle herds from indigenous reserves. Serum samples from cows-not vaccinated against the disease and distributed in five indigenous reserves of Barra do Corda region, Maranhão State-were subjected to the microscopic agglutination technique. An epidemiological questionnaire focused on investigating the risk factors associated with Leptospira spp. infection was applied in each indigenous reserve. Of the 300 analyzed samples, 80% presented positive reactions with titers equal to or higher than 1:100. Reactive animals were identified in all (100%) indigenous reserves. The most often found serovars of the Leptospira spp. complex are herein presented in descending order:

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Major epidemiological factors associated with leptospirosis in Malaysia

Cited by 68 publications

References 40 publications

The role of gender in the prevalence of human leptospirosis in Albania

The role of gender in the prevalence of human leptospirosis in Albania

Spatial Variation in the Relationship between Leptospirosis Incidence and Climate Determinants in Sarawak (Malaysia)

Epidemiological aspects of leptospirosis in cattle herds from indigenous reserves

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