Major depressive disorder and the gut microbiome: what is the link?

Modesto‐Lowe, Vania; Chaplin, Margaret; Sgambato, Deanna

doi:10.1136/gpsych-2022-100973

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…They include gut microbiota dysbiosis involving Atopobium, Enterobacteriaceae, and Subdoligranulum, which are associated with depression and are believed to be involved in neurotransmitter production based on data from earlier studies [19]. Among the gut bacteria, Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcaceae are inversely linked to depression symptoms via serotonin and GABA production, short-chain fatty acid production, and anti-inflammatory activity [20]. The other bacteria are positively correlated with inflammatory activity and promote leaky gut syndrome.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota Alterations and Their Functional Differences in Depression According to Enterotypes in Asian Individuals

Park,

Li,

et al. 2023

IJMS

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This study aimed to investigate alterations in the gut microbiota of patients with depression compared to those in the gut microbiota of healthy individuals based on enterotypes as a classification framework. Fecal bacteria FASTA/Q samples from 333 Chinese participants, including 107 healthy individuals (Healthy group) and 226 individuals suffering from depression (DP group), were analyzed. The participants were classified into three enterotypes: Bacteroidaceae (ET-B), Lachnospiraceae (ET-L), and Prevotellaceae (ET-P). An α-diversity analysis revealed no significant differences in microbial diversity between the Healthy and DP groups across all enterotypes. However, there were substantial differences in the gut microbial composition for β-diversity, particularly within ET-L and ET-B. The DP group within ET-B exhibited a higher abundance of Proteobacteria, while a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the DP group showed an increased relative abundance of specific genera, such as Mediterraneibacter, Blautia, Bifidobacterium, and Clostridium. Within ET-L, Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Clostridium, Collinsella, and Corynebacterium were significantly higher in the DP group in the LDA and ANOVA-like differential expression-2 (ALDEx2) analyses. At the species level of ET-L, Blautia luti, Blautia provencensis, Blautia glucerasea, Clostridium innocuum, Clostridium porci, and Clostridium leptum were the primary bacteria in the DP group identified using the machine learning approach. A network analysis revealed a more tightly interconnected microbial community within ET-L than within ET-B. This suggests a potentially stronger functional relationship among the gut microbiota in ET-L. The metabolic pathways related to glucose metabolism, tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism, neurotransmitter metabolism, and immune-related functions showed strong negative associations with depression, particularly within ET-L. These findings provide insights into the gut–brain axis and its role in the pathogenesis of depression, thus contributing to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in Asian individuals. Further research is warranted to explain the mechanistic links between gut microbiota and depression and to explore their potential for use in precision medicine interventions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut Microbiota Alterations and Their Functional Differences in Depression According to Enterotypes in Asian Individuals

Park,

Li,

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…GF mice show decreased tyrosine (the rate-limiting substrate of noradrenaline and dopamine synthesis) and increased catecholamine levels which imply that gut microbiota modulate dopamine and noradrenaline turnover in the brain (Matsumoto et al, 2013;Nishino et al, 2013). Interestingly, SCFAs can pass the BBB under healthy conditions whereas neurotransmitters such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-HT do not pass in a healthy state, however, this may change during inflammation, allowing them to enter the CNS (Takanaga et al, 2001;Margolis et al, 2021;Modesto Lowe et al, 2023).…”

Section: Humoral Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depression is a heterogeneous mood disorder with a complex yet not sufficiently understood neurobiology that has strong links to a dysfunction of the microbiome-gut-brain axis (Gheorghe et al, 2022). Clinical studies have found differences in the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with depression compared to individuals without mental disorders (Valles-Colomer et al, 2019;Socała et al, 2021;Green et al, 2023;Modesto Lowe et al, 2023). Common to all studies is an increase in the number of lactic acid-producing bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Enterococcus, and a decrease in the number of bacteria producing SCFAs (mainly butyrate) such as Faecalibacterium and Coprococcus (Table 4) (Valles-Colomer et al, 2019;McGuinness et al, 2022).…”

Section: Gut Microbiome and Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of the gut microbiome and its signals for a healthy nervous system and the multifaceted mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders

Riehl,

Fürst,

Kress

et al. 2024

Front. Neurosci.

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Increasing evidence links the gut microbiome and the nervous system in health and disease. This narrative review discusses current views on the interaction between the gut microbiota, the intestinal epithelium, and the brain, and provides an overview of the communication routes and signals of the bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and the brain, including circulatory, immunological, neuroanatomical, and neuroendocrine pathways. Similarities and differences in healthy gut microbiota in humans and mice exist that are relevant for the translational gap between non-human model systems and patients. There is an increasing spectrum of metabolites and neurotransmitters that are released and/or modulated by the gut microbiota in both homeostatic and pathological conditions. Dysbiotic disruptions occur as consequences of critical illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease but also neurological, mental, and pain disorders, as well as ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Changes in the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) and a concomitant imbalance in the release of mediators may be cause or consequence of diseases of the central nervous system and are increasingly emerging as critical links to the disruption of healthy physiological function, alterations in nutrition intake, exposure to hypoxic conditions and others, observed in brain disorders. Despite the generally accepted importance of the gut microbiome, the bidirectional communication routes between brain and gut are not fully understood. Elucidating these routes and signaling pathways in more detail offers novel mechanistic insight into the pathophysiology and multifaceted aspects of brain disorders.

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“…Over the years, numerous studies have demonstrated the association between gut microbiota and mental disorders such as depression and anxiety [4,9,10,11,12]. It has been found that gut flora can influence the brain and mental health by affecting the vagus nerve and tryptophan metabolism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of gut microbiota in the therapy of mental disorders – new therapeutic strategies

Bystron,

Dziekiewicz

2024

Med Srod.

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Introduction and Objective.In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of people suffering from mental disorders, including depression and anxiety disorders. Data indicate that conventional treatments have not been sufficiently effective, leading to the exploration of alternative methods for treating and preventing these conditions. One of the areas of research is the gut microbiota and its potential role in these disorders. The aim of this study is to summarize the latest evidence linking gut flora to depression and anxiety disorders, and to present ways to alleviate the symptoms of these disorders through proper diet, including the use of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Brief description of the state of knowledge. Research suggests that changes in the gut microbiota may be associated with mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Analyses in this area are complex due to the diversity of micro-organisms and the influence of external factors. Treatment methods based on the gut microbiota are becoming a therapeutic alternative for individuals with mental disorders, but further clinical research is required. Summary. There is a strong correlation between gut dysbiosis, depression and anxiety disorders. These disorders can be effectively alleviated or controlled through modulation of the gut microbiota via proper diet and supplements. Further research is necessary to better understand the relationship between gut dysbiosis and mental disorders and to effectively and safely implement appropriate treatment.

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Major depressive disorder and the gut microbiome: what is the link?

Cited by 9 publications

References 19 publications

Gut Microbiota Alterations and Their Functional Differences in Depression According to Enterotypes in Asian Individuals

Gut Microbiota Alterations and Their Functional Differences in Depression According to Enterotypes in Asian Individuals

The importance of the gut microbiome and its signals for a healthy nervous system and the multifaceted mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders

Modulation of gut microbiota in the therapy of mental disorders – new therapeutic strategies

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