Major Depression in a Nonclinical Sample

Coryell, William

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820020037005

Cited by 111 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These findings have been reported previously from the NIDS study (Author et al, 2015) and are supported by an extensive literature (including from South Africa) as well recognized risk factors for depression in the general population (Coryell et al, 1992; Blazer et al, 1994; Herman et al, 2009). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Income inequality widens the existing income-related disparity in depression risk in post-apartheid South Africa: Evidence from a nationally representative panel study

2017

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Aim Income inequality (II) and poverty are major challenges in South Africa (SA) yet little is known about their interaction on population mental health. We explored relationships between district II, household income (HHI) and depressive symptoms in national panel data. Method We used 3 waves (2008, 2010, 2012) of the SA National Income Dynamics Study (n=25936) in adjusted mixed effects logistic regression to assess if the relationship between HHI and depressive symptoms is dependent on level of II. Depressive symptoms were assessed with Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, and District inequality ratios (P10P90) derived from HHI distributions in 53 districts. Results Lower HHI and increasing II were associated with depressive symptoms. The interaction term between HHI and II on depressive symptoms was significant (β=0.01, 95% CI:<0.01–0.01); with increasing II and decreasing HHI, depression risk increased. Conclusion II widens income-related disparities in depression risk in SA, with policy implications for understanding socioeconomic determinants of mental health and informing global efforts to reduce disparities in high poverty and inequality contexts.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Income inequality widens the existing income-related disparity in depression risk in post-apartheid South Africa: Evidence from a nationally representative panel study

2017

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“…The 2:1 female/male ratio for mood disorders was higher than previously reported (14,15). Possible explanations include the large number of middle-aged housewives and the functioning hours of the clinic, which may have excluded working men with private medical insurance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Social disability of Brazilian mood disorder patients

Tucci

Kerr-Corrêa

Dias

2004

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Mood disorders cause many social problems, often involving family relationships. Few studies are available in the literature comparing patients with bipolar, unipolar, dysthymic, and double depressive disorders concerning these aspects. In the present study, demographic and disease data were collected using a specifically prepared questionnaire. Social adjustment was assessed using the Disability Adjustment Scale and family relationships were evaluated using the Global Assessment of Relational Functioning Scale. One hundred patients under treatment for at least 6 months were evaluated at the Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic of the Botucatu School of Medicine, UNESP. Most patients were women (82%) more than 50 (49%) years old with at least two years of follow-up, with little schooling (62% had less than 4 years), and of low socioeconomic level. Logistic regression analysis showed that a diagnosis of unipolar disorder (P = 0.003, OR = 0.075, CI = 0.014-0.403) and dysthymia (P = 0.001, OR = 0.040, CI = 0.006-0.275) as well as family relationships (P = 0.002, OR = 0.953, CI = 0914-0.992) played a significant role in social adjustment. Unipolar and dysthymic patients presented better social adjustment than bipolar and double depressive patients (P < 0.001), results that were not due to social class. These patients, treated at a teaching hospital, may represent the severest mood disorder cases. Evaluations were made knowing the diagnosis of the patients, which might also have influenced some of the results. Social disabilities among mood disorder patients are very frequent and intensive.

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“…One explanation for these findings is that the effect of education may depend on the group it affects. For example Coryell et al (1992) report that while men with no college education were more likely to develop MDD than men with college education, the opposite was true for women. Differences in ethnicity may also contribute to the consequences educational status on susceptibility to MDD (Gavin et al, 2010; Kessler et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MDD patients with higher educational status more frequently experience hypersomnia and loss of interest. This differential effect means that using symptom counts to measure severity (as we have done) may obscure the relationship between MDD and educational status, just as may happen if the effect of sex is ignored (Coryell et al, 1992). Thus part of the difficulty in finding consistent relationships between MDD and educational status may reflect difficulties in identifying appropriate measures for analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of educational status on the clinical features of major depressive disorder among Chinese women

Zhang

Xie

et al. 2012

Journal of Affective Disorders

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BackgroundYears of education are inversely related to the prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD), but the relationship between the clinical features of MDD and educational status is poorly understood. We investigated this in 1970 Chinese women with recurrent MDD identified in a clinical setting.MethodsClinical and demographic features were obtained from 1970 Han Chinese women with DSM-IV major depression between 30 and 60 years of age across China. Analysis of linear, logistic and multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the association between educational level and clinical features of MDD.ResultsSubjects with more years of education are more likely to have MDD, with an odds ratio of 1.14 for those with more than ten years. Low educational status is not associated with an increase in the number of episodes, nor with increased rates of co-morbidity with anxiety disorders. Education impacts differentially on the symptoms of depression: lower educational attainment is associated with more biological symptoms and increased suicidal ideation and plans to commit suicide.LimitationsFindings may not generalize to males or to other patient populations. Since the threshold for treatment seeking differs as a function of education there may an ascertainment bias in the sample.ConclusionsThe relationship between symptoms of MDD and educational status in Chinese women is unexpectedly complex. Our findings are inconsistent with the simple hypothesis from European and US reports that low levels of educational attainment increase the risk and severity of MDD.

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Major Depression in a Nonclinical Sample

Cited by 111 publications

References 32 publications

Income inequality widens the existing income-related disparity in depression risk in post-apartheid South Africa: Evidence from a nationally representative panel study

Income inequality widens the existing income-related disparity in depression risk in post-apartheid South Africa: Evidence from a nationally representative panel study

Social disability of Brazilian mood disorder patients

The impact of educational status on the clinical features of major depressive disorder among Chinese women

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