Major decline in malaria morbidity and mortality in the Union of Comoros between 2010 and 2014: The effect of a combination of prevention and control measures

Kassim, Said Abasse; James, Peter Bai; Alolga, Rachel Nammahime; Assanhou, Assogba Gabin; Kassim, Said Mohamed; Bacar, Anfane; Silai, Rahamatou; Tian, Lu; Li, Hongchao; Ma, Aixia

doi:10.7196/samj.2016.v106i7.10902

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…At the same time, the number of travellers from malaria endemic regions has doubled. This decrease could be due to the overall drop in malaria transmission in the islands in the southwestern Indian Ocean; this drop has been quantified both in the Comoros archipelago (Mayotte and the Union of Comoros) and Madagascar [ 9 – 11 ]. Between 1997 and 2010, malaria contracted in Madagascar or Comoros was the number-one cause of disease among travellers in the southwestern Indian Ocean [ 20 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, the number of imported malaria cases from Comoros has fallen drastically, as has the incidence rate; this change corresponds to a lower transmission rate in every island in the Union of Comoros, especially Anjouan and Moheli, followed by Grande Comore. The significant drop in 2013 and 2014 corresponds to the implementation and completion of the mass drug administration programme in Grande Comoros [ 9 , 21 ]. Between 2001 and 2011, the largest proportion of severe imported malaria cases in Réunion came from Madagascar according to a study carried out by the island’s intensive care departments [ 22 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past few years, the malaria situation in the surrounding region has changed due to the successes gained through the anti-malaria campaigns in the Comoros Archipelago (Union of Comoros and Mayotte) and, to a lesser extent, Madagascar [ 9 – 11 ]. At the same time, due to the increase in tourism and international exchange, the possibility of an imported case from other world regions has increased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Status of imported malaria on Réunion Island in 2016

Pagès

Houzé

Kurtkowiak³

et al. 2018

Malar J

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BackgroundAutochthonous malaria has been eliminated from Réunion in 1979. To prevent secondary transmission and re-emergence of autochthonous malaria, permanent epidemiologic and entomological surveillance and vector control measures are conducted around imported malaria cases. Results of local malaria surveillance (clinical data and results of epidemiological and entomological investigations around cases) were collected for 2013–2016 and were analysed according to historical data and to the exchanges with malaria-affected areas (estimated by airport data).ResultsForm 2013 to 2016, 95 imported malaria cases have been detected in Reunion Island: 42% of cases occurred in the area of repartition of Anopheles arabiensis, but Anopheles mosquitoes were present only around seven cases including one gametocyte carrier. No autochthonous or introduced case has occurred during this period. The lack of chemoprophylaxis or poor adherence was found in the majority (96%) of malaria cases between 2013 and 2016, regardless of trip type. Affinity tourism in Madagascar and Comoros was the cause of 65% of imported malaria cases.DiscussionThe incidence of imported malaria and the incidence rate per 100,000 travellers has continuously decreased since 2001. Now with the drastic decrease of malaria transmission in the Comoros archipelago, most of imported malaria cases in Reunion Island have been contaminated in Madagascar. Immigrants regularly resident in Reunion Island, which travel to malaria endemic countries (mainly Madagascar) to visit their friends and relatives (VFRs) represent a high-risk group of contracting malaria. VFRs, low adherence to pre-travel recommendations, in particular, the compliance on the use of chemoprophylaxis are the main drivers of imported malaria in Reunion Island. Furthermore as previously described, some general practitioners in Reunion Island are always not sufficiently aware of the official recommendations for prescriptions of prophylactic treatments.ConclusionSocial mobilization targeted on the Malagasy community in Reunion Island could help to decrease the burden of imported malaria in Reunion Island. Because of the low number of gametocyte carriers and the absence of an Anopheles mosquito population when most malaria cases were imported those last 4 years, the risk of the appearance of introduced malaria cases and indigenous malaria cases appears low in Reunion Island.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Status of imported malaria on Réunion Island in 2016

Pagès

Houzé

Kurtkowiak³

et al. 2018

Malar J

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“…Islands are considered ideal settings for effective malaria control due to the limited population migration and well-defined geographical borders. Several island nations have achieved substantial reductions in malaria transmission attributed to successful interventions [ 5 – 8 ], with Sri Lanka recently being certified malaria-free [ 9 ]. Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, with historically high malaria transmission [ 10 ], has been subject to extensive interventions including intensive vector control, improved case management, intermittent preventative treatments (IPT) and behavioural change interventions since 2004 through the Bioko Island Malaria Control Project (BIMCP) [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in parasite prevalence following 13 years of malaria interventions on Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea: 2004–2016

Cook

Hergott

Phiri

et al. 2018

Malar J

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BackgroundWhilst there have been substantial reductions in malaria transmission over the past decade, in many countries in West and Central Africa the malaria burden remains high. Monitoring and evaluation of malaria transmission trends and intervention strategies are key elements for malaria control programmes. This study uses a time series of annual malaria indicator surveys to track the progress of malaria control in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, over a 13 year period of intensive interventions. Malaria infection and haemoglobin were measured annually in children (1 to 14 years) in cross-sectional household surveys from 2004 to 2016 in 18 sentinel sites across the island. Trends in transmission patterns were assessed and the impact of the vector control interventions (net use and spray coverage) was evaluated.ResultsBetween 2004 and 2016 approximately 106,500 individual tests for parasitaemia were conducted using rapid diagnostic tests. Although spray coverage remained relatively high (> 70%) over the time period, reported net usage was generally below 40%. Parasite prevalence reduced from 43.3 to 10.5% between 2004 and 2016. The prevalence of moderate to severe anaemia in children aged 1–5 years reduced from 14.9 to 1.6%. Impact in individual sites ranged from 57 to 100% reductions in parasite prevalence between 2004 and 2016. Sleeping under a net and living in a house that had been sprayed in the past 12 months were independently protective against infection (OR = 0.69 [95%CI 0.61–0.80] and OR = 0.87 [95% CI 0.78–0.97], respectively), whilst recent travel to the mainland increased the odds of infection nearly fourfold (OR = 3.94 [95%CI 2.79–5.56]).ConclusionIsland-wide interventions have resulted in a substantial reduction in malaria transmission on Bioko Island. This unique time series of 13 consecutive annual malaria indicator surveys clearly demonstrates the long-term effectiveness of the sustained use of two vector control interventions, indoor residual spraying and LLINs, and the value of comprehensive and sustained surveillance. Despite considerable success in reducing the burden on the island, malaria is still endemic, with populations in some areas remaining at high risk of infection.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2213-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…This has been motivated by the recent epidemiological situation in the area. Even though the malaria morbidity and mortality has declined on some islands [10, 11], the region has faced major outbreaks of chikungunya [12–15] and endemic circulation of dengue virus [16, 17], West Nile virus [18, 19], Rift valley fever virus [20–26], bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) [27–30] among others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culicoides Latreille in the sun: faunistic inventory of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Mayotte (Comoros Archipelago, Indian Ocean)

Garros

Labuschagne

Dommergues³

et al. 2019

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundThe south-west insular territories of the Indian Ocean have recently received attention concerning the diversity of arthropods of medical or veterinary interest. While a recent study highlighted the circulation of Culicoides-borne viruses, namely bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease, with clinical cases in Mayotte (comprising two islands, Petite-Terre and Grand-Terre), Comoros Archipelago, no data have been published concerning the species diversity of Culicoides present on the two islands.ResultsA total of 194,734 biting midges were collected in 18 sites, covering two collection sessions (April and June) in Mayotte. Our study reports for the first time livestock-associated Culicoides species and recorded at least 17 described Afrotropical species and one undescribed species. The most abundant species during the April collection session were C. trifasciellus (84.1%), C. bolitinos (5.4%), C. enderleini (3.9%), C. leucostictus (3.3%) and C. rhizophorensis (2.1%). All other species including C. imicola represented less than 1% of the total collection. Abundance ranged between 126–78,842 females with a mean and median abundance of 14,338 and 5111 individuals/night/site, respectively. During the June collection, the abundance per night was low, ranging between 6–475 individuals. Despite low abundance, C. trifasciellus and C. bolitinos were still the most abundant species. Culicoides sp. #50 is recorded for the first time outside South Africa.ConclusionsOur study reports for the first time the Culicoides species list for Mayotte, Comoros Archipelago, Indian Ocean. The low abundance and rare occurrence of C. imicola, which is usually considered the most abundant species in the Afrotropical region, is unexpected. The most abundant and frequent species is C. trifasciellus, which is not considered as a vector species so far, but its role needs further investigation. Further work is needed to describe Culicoides sp. #50 and to carry on faunistic investigations on the other islands of the archipelago as well as in neighboring countries.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3379-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Major decline in malaria morbidity and mortality in the Union of Comoros between 2010 and 2014: The effect of a combination of prevention and control measures

Abstract: Our study indicates a significant decline in malaria morbidity and mortality in the islands of Moheli, Anjouan and Grand Comoro from 2010 to 2014. This considerable reduction is attributed to a combination of malaria prevention and control interventions implemented during the study period.

Cited by 11 publications

References 14 publications

Status of imported malaria on Réunion Island in 2016

Status of imported malaria on Réunion Island in 2016

Trends in parasite prevalence following 13 years of malaria interventions on Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea: 2004–2016

Culicoides Latreille in the sun: faunistic inventory of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Mayotte (Comoros Archipelago, Indian Ocean)

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