Major component contributions to PM10 composition in the UK atmosphere

Turnbull, A.; Harrison, Roy M.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(99)00441-0

Cited by 73 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…A number of studies have reported that in rural environments in the Mediterranean, airborne PM and ammonium sulfate concentrations undergo a seasonal cycle characterised by a summer maximum (Bergametti et al, 1989;Kubilay and Saydam, 1995;Querol et al, 1998a, b;Rodríguez et al, 2001Rodríguez et al, , 2002. This seasonal cycle has not been reported at rural sites in central and northern Europe, where high PM events are mostly recorded in winter during stagnant episodes caused by cold temperature inversions and low wind speed (Beekmann et al, 2015;Favez et al, 2007;Monn et al, 1995;Röösli et al, 2001;Turnbull and Harrison, 2000). Long-term measurements at sites in the western and eastern Mediterranean basin by Querol et al (2009) showed that mineral matter is the major component of PM 10 (22-38 %) in both areas, with relatively high proportions in PM 2.5 (8-14 %), followed by sulfate, organic matter (OM), nitrate and ammonium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and mixing state of summertime background aerosol in the north-western Mediterranean basin

et al. 2017

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Abstract. An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was employed to provide real-time single particle mixing state and thereby source information for aerosols impacting the western Mediterranean basin during the ChArMEx-ADRIMED and SAF-MED campaigns in summer 2013. The ATOFMS measurements were made at a ground-based remote site on the northern tip of Corsica.Twenty-seven distinct ATOFMS particle classes were identified and subsequently grouped into eight general categories: EC-rich (elemental carbon), K-rich, Na-rich, amines, OC-rich (organic carbon), V-rich, Fe-rich and Carich particles. Mass concentrations were reconstructed for the ATOFMS particle classes and found to be in good agreement with other co-located quantitative measurements (PM 1 , black carbon (BC), organic carbon, sulfate mass and ammonium mass). Total ATOFMS reconstructed mass (PM 2.5 ) accounted for 70-90 % of measured PM 10 mass and was comprised of regionally transported fossil fuel (EC-rich) and biomass burning (K-rich) particles. The accumulation of these transported particles was favoured by repeated and extended periods of air mass stagnation over the western Mediterranean during the sampling campaigns. The single particle mass spectra proved to be valuable source markers, allowing the identification of fossil fuel and biomass burning combustion sources, and was therefore highly complementary to quantitative measurements made by Particle into Liquid Sampler ion chromatography (PILS-IC) and an aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM), which have demonstrated that PM 1 and PM 10 were comprised predominantly of sulfate, ammonium and OC. Good temporal agreement was observed between ATOFMS EC-rich and K-rich particle mass concentrations and combined mass concentrations of BC, sulfate, ammonium and low volatility oxygenated organic aerosol (LV-OOA). This combined information suggests that combustion of fossil fuels and biomass produced primary EC-and OC-containing particles, which then accumulated ammonium, sulfate and alkylamines during regional transport.Three other sources were also identified: local biomass burning, marine and shipping. Local combustion particlesPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. (emitted in Corsica) contributed little to PM 2.5 particle number and mass concentrations but were easily distinguished from regional combustion particles. Marine emissions comprised fresh and aged sea salt: the former was detected mostly during a 5-day event during which it accounted for 50-80 % of sea salt aerosol mass, while the latter was detected throughout the sampling period. Dust was not efficiently detected by the ATOFMS, and support measurements showed that it was mainly in the PM 2.5-10 fraction. Shipping particles, identified using markers for heavy fuel oil combustion, were associated with regional emissions and represented only a small fraction of PM 2.5 particle number and mass concentration at the site.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and mixing state of summertime background aerosol in the north-western Mediterranean basin

et al. 2017

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“…Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), ammonium (NH 4 + ), nitrates (NO 3 -), sulfates (SO 4 2-), mineral trace elements, and water (Turnbull and Harrison, 2000;Lee and Kang, 2001;Lin, 2002;Hueglin et al, 2005). Among them, SO 4 2-, NO 3 -and NH 4 + are the most abundant components of atmospheric PM in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Properties of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 at Inland and Offshore Sites over Southeastern Coastal Region of Taiwan Strait

Tsai

Yuan

Hung

et al. 2011

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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This study investigates the effects of sea-land breezes (SLBs) and northeastern monsoon (NEM) on the physicochemical properties of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere over southeastern coastal region of Taiwan Strait. The intensive PM sampling protocol was consecutively conducted for forty-eight hours. During the sampling periods, PM 2.5 and PM 2.5-10 were simultaneously measured with dichotomous samplers at four sites (two inland and two at offshore sites) and PM 10 was measured with beta-ray monitors at these same four sites. Strong SLBs were regularly observed in the coastal region of southern Taiwan during the SLBs periods, while significant northeastern monsoons appeared during the NEM periods. The mass ratios of PM 2.5 /PM 10 during the NEM periods were always higher than the SLBs periods. The most abundant ionic species of PM were SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, and NH 4 + . The most common chemical compounds of PM in southern Taiwan were ammonium sulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) and ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ). Carbon contents of PM during the NEM periods were higher than during the SLBs periods. The organic-to-elemental-carbon ratio (OC/EC) of PM 2.5 ranged from 1.05 to 4.39 with an average of 2.26. The order of major metallic elements of PM 2.5 in the SLBs and NEM periods is Fe > Ca > K > Al > Mg > Zn > Pb and Ca > Fe > Al > K > Mg > V > Ni, respectively, and of PM 2.5-10 is Ca > K > Al > Fe > Mg > Zn and Fe > Ca > Al > K > Mg > V > Ni, respectively. This study reveals that the accumulation of PM offshore, due to land breezes, influences the tempospatial distribution of PM at the coastal region in southern Taiwan. Moreover, the nss- [

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“…This is the first analysis of PM 10 for a transect in Scotland, with only one such analysis previously reported for the UK in southwest England. 21 The determination of ammonium (NH 4 ϩ ), nitrate (NO 3 Ϫ ), sodium (Na ϩ ), calcium (Ca 2ϩ ), chloride (Cl Ϫ ), sulfate (SO 4 2Ϫ ), and iron (Fe) extracted from collected PM 10 is relatively straightforward, with recognized standard methods well documented in the literature. [22][23][24] However, the measurement of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) is problematic and there is no internationally agreed upon standard analytical procedure.…”

Section: Aim and Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Mass Reconstruction along a Four-Site Transect as a Method to Interpret PM₁₀ in West-Central Scotland,United Kingdom

Gibson

Heal

Bache

et al. 2009

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Concurrent 24-hr samples of particulate matter of median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 m (PM 10 ) were collected over a 10-day period in August 2000 at four sites along a transect in west-central Scotland, UK (passing from the coast through the city of Glasgow) in line with the prevailing southwesterly wind. Each sample was analyzed for chloride (Cl Ϫ ), nitrate (NO 3 Ϫ ), sulfate (SO 4 2Ϫ ), ammonium (NH 4 ϩ ), calcium (Ca 2ϩ ), iron (Fe), and organic hydrocarbon material (OHM). The contribution from elemental carbon (EC) was estimated. Sampling days were categorized according to local wind direction, synoptic flow, and air mass back trajectories. Chemical mass balance (CMB) reconstruction of the following PM 10 components was derived for each wind direction group and at each transect location: ammonium sulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ), ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ), sodium chloride (NaCl), gypsum (CaSO 4 ), OHM, EC, soil/surface dusts, and particle-bound water. The results showed that PM 10 at the coastal site was dominated by the marine background (NaCl) compared with the urban sites, which were dominated by local primary (EC and soil/resuspension) and IMPLICATIONS This study highlights the utility of a multisite transect aligned with the prevailing wind to identify changes in PM 10 chemical composition in air masses moving inland from a coastal region, through urban and periurban regions. Local, marine, and long-range PM 10 components were identified. The CMB calculation offers a pragmatic method for accounting for the major chemical sources contributing to PM 10 at a receptor. Interpreting the CMB of PM 10 is of policy relevance not only in helping identify sources but also because of the implications for health impacts. secondary sources (NH 4 NO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , and OHM). There was evidence of Cl Ϫ depletion as NaCl aerosol passes over urban areas. There was also evidence of longrange transport of primary PM 10 (EC and OHM); for example, at the coastal site from transport from Ireland. The work demonstrates how the general approach of combining mass reconstruction along a transect with other information such as wind/air-mass direction generates insight into the sources contributing to PM 10 over a more extended spatial scale than at a single receptor. TECHNICAL PAPER INTRODUCTIONNumerous studies published over the last 20 yr have demonstrated a significant, linear association between the concentration of airborne particulate matter (PM) of median aerodynamic diameter less than 10 m (PM 10 ) and cardiopulmonary mortality and morbidity. 1-3 There appears to be no lower threshold in the dose response between PM 10 concentrations and health effects. 4 Evidence suggests that particle size, number, and chemical composition all ultimately determine the PM toxicological impact. 5 PM 10 has many sources, including anthropogenic, biogenic, geogenic, primary and secondary, local, and longrange. 6,7 To determine the source contribution to PM 10 present at any given receptor, it is necessary to gain as much k...

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Major component contributions to PM10 composition in the UK atmosphere

Cited by 73 publications

References 11 publications

Sources and mixing state of summertime background aerosol in the north-western Mediterranean basin

Sources and mixing state of summertime background aerosol in the north-western Mediterranean basin

Physicochemical Properties of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 at Inland and Offshore Sites over Southeastern Coastal Region of Taiwan Strait

Using Mass Reconstruction along a Four-Site Transect as a Method to Interpret PM₁₀ in West-Central Scotland,United Kingdom

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Major component contributions to PM10 composition in the UK atmosphere

Cited by 73 publications

References 11 publications

Sources and mixing state of summertime background aerosol in the north-western Mediterranean basin

Sources and mixing state of summertime background aerosol in the north-western Mediterranean basin

Physicochemical Properties of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 at Inland and Offshore Sites over Southeastern Coastal Region of Taiwan Strait

Using Mass Reconstruction along a Four-Site Transect as a Method to Interpret PM10 in West-Central Scotland,United Kingdom

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Using Mass Reconstruction along a Four-Site Transect as a Method to Interpret PM₁₀ in West-Central Scotland,United Kingdom