Major and Trace Elements Geochemistry in the Ground Waters of a Volcanic Area: Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy)

Giammanco, Salvatore; Ottaviani, Massimo; Valenza, M.; Veschetti, Enrico; Principio, Edoardo; Giammanco, G; Pignato, Sarina

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(97)00198-x

Cited by 70 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…On another side, high soil CO 2 fluxes defining a wide zone is more prone to track a real magmatic contribution, the δ 13 C signature being affected by secondary processes. Actually, CO 2 reaction with cold groundwater can be an efficient process to explain such fractionation (Δ 13 C between −8.5 and −9.4‰ at 10-25 °C; Mook et al, 1974;Giammanco et al, 1998; Chiodini et al, 2008). This effect can be particularly marked in the tropical environment of Piton de la Fournaise, where the high annual rainfall creates an aquifer whose thickness is far from negligible.…”

Section: Significance Of the Co 2 Anomaliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Investigating the deepest part of a volcano plumbing system: Evidence for an active magma path below the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island) G. Boudoire At quiescent and active volcanoes, a signi ficant fraction of magma degassing diffuses through edifice flanks and, preferentially, along active tectonic structures (Allard et al, 1991;Giammanco et al, 1995Giammanco et al, , 1998Giammanco et al, , 2010Chiodini et al, 2001;Granieri et al, 2003Granieri et al, , 2010Hernández et al, 2012). Among released volcanic gases, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is early by an uprising magma, already at mantle depth and represents the most important contribution to diffuse degassing, whereas water (H 2 O), the most abundant magmatic volatile species, is released at shallower depths, and undergoes condensation both along its pathways toward the surface, and in the soil (Granieri et al, 2010;Di Muro et al, 2016 ).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Investigating the deepest part of a volcano plumbing system: Evidence for an active magma path below the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island)

Boudoire

Liuzzo

Muro

et al. 2017

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Peripheral diffuse degassing of CO 2 from the soil occurs across the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island, Indian Ocean) along a narrow zone. In this area, carbon isotopic analysis on soil gas samples highlights significant mixing between magmatic and organic end-members. The zones with the strongest magmatic signature (highest δ 13 C) overlap spatial distribution of hypocenters recorded shortly before and during volcano reactivation and allow discriminating a N135° degassing lineament, with a minimum length of 11 km and 140 ± 20 m-width. Such orientation is in accordance with that of an old dyke network along the rift zone and with N120-130° and N140-155° lineaments related to the inheritance of oceanic lithosphere structures. Our findings show that this N135° lineament represents a preferential magmatic pathway for deep magma transfer below the volcano flank. Moreover, spatial distributions of recent eccentric cones indicate a well-founded possibility that future eruptions may by-pass the shallow plumbing system of the central area of the volcano, taking a lateral pathway along this structure. Our results also confirm that Piton de la Fournaise activity is linked to a laterally shifted plumbing system and represent a major improvement in identifying the main high-risk area on the densely populated western flank of the volcano.

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Section: Significance Of the Co 2 Anomaliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the deepest part of a volcano plumbing system: Evidence for an active magma path below the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island)

Boudoire

Liuzzo

Muro

et al. 2017

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…Aiuppa et al, 2004;Spilliaert et al, 2006). Other studies have focused on Etna's influence on metals in groundwater (e.g., Giammanco et al, 1998;Aiuppa et al, 2000), rainwater (e.g., Aiuppa et al, 2006), and biological systems (e.g., Barghigiani et al, 1988;Notcutt and Davies, 1989;Monna et al, 1999;Watt et al, 2007;Martin et al, 2009a;Quayle et al, 2010). Few studies of Etna's metal emissions report data on Hg despite the flux (5.4 Mg yr −1 ; Bagnato et al, 2007) being comparable to that of other "trace" metals (e.g., As, Cd, Tl; Table 1).…”

Section: Mt Etna (Sicily)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid oxidation of mercury (Hg) at volcanic vents: Insights from high temperature thermodynamic models of Mt Etna's emissions

et al. 2011

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A major uncertainty regarding the environmental impacts of volcanic Hg is the extent to which Hg is deposited locally or transported globally. An important control on dispersion and deposition is the oxidation state of Hg compounds: Hg(0) is an inert, insoluble gas, while Hg(II) occurs as reactive gases or in particles, which deposit rapidly and proximally, near the volcanic vent. Using a new high temperature thermodynamic model, we show that although Hg in Etna's magmatic gases is almost entirely Hg(0) (i.e., gaseous elemental mercury), significant quantities of Hg(II) are likely formed at Etna's vents as gaseous HgCl 2 , when magmatic gases are cooled and oxidised by atmospheric gases. These results contrast with an earlier model study and allow us to explain recent measurements of Hg speciation at the crater rim of Etna without invoking rapid (b 1 min) low temperature oxidation processes. We further model Hg speciation for a series of additional magmatic gas compositions. Compared to Etna, Hg(II) production (i.e., Hg(II)/Hg tot ) is enhanced in more HCl-rich magmatic gases, but is independent of the Hg, HBr and HI content of the magmatic gases. Hg(II) production is not strongly influenced by the initial oxidation state of magmatic gases above NNO, although production is hindered in more reduced magmatic gases. The model and results are widely applicable to other open-vent volcanoes and may be used to improve the accuracy of chemical kinetic models for low temperature Hg speciation in volcanic plumes.

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“…Previously, leaching of the host rock and the input of thermal saline waters from the sedimentary basin have been proposed as the processes controlling the chemical composition of the groundwater (Giammanco et al, 1998;Aiuppa et al, 2000;Brusca et al, 2001). However, in this study it was demonstrated that acid rain can produce Se mobilization within volcanic soils and as a result might represent an additional source of Se to the aquifer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Concentrations up to 66 μg/L have been reported, which is above the WHO guideline of 10 μg/ L. Aiuppa et al (2000) estimated that the aquifers discharge around 2 t/a Se. Several studies (Giammanco et al, 1996(Giammanco et al, , 1998Aiuppa et al, 2000Aiuppa et al, , 2003bBrusca et al, 2001) identify three main sources for trace elements: (a) the leaching of the host basalt, driven by the dissolution of magma derived CO 2 which lowers the water pH and therefore enhances weathering; (b) mixing processes with saline brines rising from the sedimentary basement below Etna; and (c) contamination from agricultural and urban wastewaters. However, rainwater could also cause a significant contribution for Se.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selenium mobilization in soils due to volcanic derived acid rain: An example from Mt Etna volcano, Sicily

et al. 2011

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The significant amounts of selenium (Se) emitted by volcanoes may have important impact on human health due to the narrow range between nutrition requirement and toxic effects for living organisms upon Se exposure. Although soils play a key role in determining the level in food and water and thereby human health, little is known about the behaviour of Se in volcanic soils. In this work we evaluated the Se release during rainwater-soil interaction under controlled conditions using soils collected on the flanks of Etna volcano and synthetic rain. Selenium concentrations in soil leachate solutions displayed a spatial distribution, which cannot be explained by plume deposition, total Se soil concentrations or the presence of Fe oxides. Instead, Al compounds and to a minor extent SOM were identified as the active phases controlling the selenate mobilization during interaction with sulphate-containing rainwater. This shows the importance of soils as reactive interfaces. Selenium is mobilized when volcanic-derived acid rain interacts with poorly developed soils close to the crater. This geogenic process might influence the chemical composition of groundwater and as a result, human health.

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Major and Trace Elements Geochemistry in the Ground Waters of a Volcanic Area: Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy)

Cited by 70 publications

References 15 publications

Investigating the deepest part of a volcano plumbing system: Evidence for an active magma path below the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island)

Investigating the deepest part of a volcano plumbing system: Evidence for an active magma path below the western flank of Piton de la Fournaise (La Réunion Island)

Rapid oxidation of mercury (Hg) at volcanic vents: Insights from high temperature thermodynamic models of Mt Etna's emissions

Selenium mobilization in soils due to volcanic derived acid rain: An example from Mt Etna volcano, Sicily

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