Major and trace element geochemistry and genesis of supracrustal rocks of the North Spirit Lake Greenstone belt, NW Ontario, Canada

Nesbitt, H.W.; Young, Grant M.; Bosman, Sean

doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2009.06.006

Cited by 17 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…During circum-neutral pH weathering, clay minerals form at the expense of primary igneous phases, with loss of mobile elements. As a result, bulk sedimentary rock compositions that have been influenced by weathering, including those derived from mafic sources, typically plot above the plagioclase -K-feldspar and feldspar -FM joins (29)(30)(31). Similarly, any clay minerals that formed by hydrothermal alteration (e.g., impact-related) in surrounding regions and transported into the Yellowknife basin would also carry comparable distinct chemical signatures (22,(32)(33)(34).…”

Section: Clastic Sedimentary Rocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rocks at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

McLennan

Anderson

Bell

et al. 2014

Science

258

404

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Sedimentary rocks examined by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay, Mars, were derived from sources that evolved from approximately average Martian crustal composition to one influenced by alkaline basalts. No evidence of chemical weathering is preserved indicating arid, possibly cold, paleoclimates and rapid erosion/deposition. Absence of predicted geochemical variations indicates that magnetite and phyllosilicates formed by diagenesis under low temperature, circum-neutral pH, rock-dominated aqueous conditions. High spatial resolution analyses of diagenetic features, including concretions, raised ridges and fractures, indicate they are composed of iron-and halogen-rich components, magnesium-iron-chlorine-rich components and hydrated calcium-sulfates, respectively. Composition of a cross-cutting dike-like feature is consistent with sedimentary intrusion. Geochemistry of these sedimentary rocks provides further evidence for diverse depositional and diagenetic sedimentary environments during the early history of Mars.Introduction: Shortly after leaving its landing site at Bradbury Landing in Gale crater, the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover traversed to Yellowknife Bay (1), where it encountered a flat-lying, ~5.2 meter thick succession of weakly indurated clastic sedimentary rocks ranging from mudstones at the base to mainly sandstones at the top (2). Stratigraphic relationships and

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Section: Clastic Sedimentary Rocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rocks at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

McLennan

Anderson

Bell

et al. 2014

Science

258

404

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“…More information can be found at the project's homepage at sgp.stanford.edu/about. The current phase of SGP focuses primarily on the Phanerozoic and so for the Precambrian aspects of this study it was supplemented with the compilation from Lipp et al (2020) and further literature data (Fedo et al 1996;Nesbitt et al 2009;Devaraju et al 2010). A histogram of how these samples are distributed in time is given in Figure S1.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The composition and weathering of the continents over geologic time

Lipp¹,

Shorttle²,

Sperling³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The composition of continental crust records a history of construction by tectonics and destruction by physical and chemical erosion. Quantitative constraints on how both igneous addition and chemical weathering have modified the continents' bulk composition are essential for understanding the evolution of geodynamics and climate. We have extracted temporal trends in sediments' protolith composition and weathering intensity from the largest available compilation of sedimentary major-element compositions, of ~ 15,000 samples from 4.0 Ga to the present. To do this we used a new analytical method which inverts whole sedimentary compositions for protolith composition and weathering intensity simultaneously. We find that the average Archean upper continental crust was silica rich and had a similar compositional diversity to modern continents. This is consistent with an early-Archean, or earlier, onset of plate tectonics. In the Archean, chemical weathering was ~ 25 % more efficient at sequestering CO2 than in subsequent time periods. Since 2.0 Ga, over long (> 0.5 Ga) timescales, the crustal weathering intensity has remained largely constant. On shorter timescales over the Phanerozoic, the intensity of weathering is correlated to global climate state, consistent with silicate weathering feedback acting in response to changes in CO2 outgassing.

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“…Weathering occurs in the source region, and potentially during temporary storage while sediment is in transit to its depositional basin. Intense weathering regimes and extended periods of storage can lead to maturation of first cycle sediments before clasts arrive at their ultimate depositional site (Johnsson et al, 1988;Akhtar and Ahmad, 1991;Nesbitt et al, 2009). Chemical reactions can occur during sediment diagenesis that operate like weathering to remove or segregate labile mineral grains and rock fragments (e.g., Land et al, 1987).…”

Section: Record Of Second Cycle Weathering and Diagenesis In Gale Cratermentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraformational sediment recycling on Mars

et al. 2020

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Extraformational sediment recycling (old sedimentary rock to new sedimentary rock) is a fundamental aspect of Earth’s geological record; tectonism exposes sedimentary rock, whereupon it is weathered and eroded to form new sediment that later becomes lithified. On Mars, tectonism has been minor, but two decades of orbiter instrument–based studies show that some sedimentary rocks previously buried to depths of kilometers have been exposed, by erosion, at the surface. Four locations in Gale crater, explored using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Curiosity rover, exhibit sedimentary lithoclasts in sedimentary rock: At Marias Pass, they are mudstone fragments in sandstone derived from strata below an erosional unconformity; at Bimbe, they are pebble-sized sandstone and, possibly, laminated, intraclast-bearing, chemical (calcium sulfate) sediment fragments in conglomerates; at Cooperstown, they are pebble-sized fragments of sandstone within coarse sandstone; at Dingo Gap, they are cobble-sized, stratified sandstone fragments in conglomerate derived from an immediately underlying sandstone. Mars orbiter images show lithified sediment fans at the termini of canyons that incise sedimentary rock in Gale crater; these, too, consist of recycled, extraformational sediment. The recycled sediments in Gale crater are compositionally immature, indicating the dominance of physical weathering processes during the second known cycle. The observations at Marias Pass indicate that sediment eroded and removed from craters such as Gale crater during the Martian Hesperian Period could have been recycled to form new rock elsewhere. Our results permit prediction that lithified deltaic sediments at the Perseverance (landing in 2021) and Rosalind Franklin (landing in 2023) rover field sites could contain extraformational recycled sediment.

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Major and trace element geochemistry and genesis of supracrustal rocks of the North Spirit Lake Greenstone belt, NW Ontario, Canada

Cited by 17 publications

References 51 publications

Elemental Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rocks at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

Elemental Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rocks at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

The composition and weathering of the continents over geologic time

Extraformational sediment recycling on Mars

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