Major and Minor League Baseball Hamstring Injuries

Ahmad, Christopher S.; Dick, Randall W.; Snell, Edward; Kenney, Nick; Curriero, Frank C.; Pollack, Keshia M.; Albright, John P.; Mandelbaum, Bert R.

doi:10.1177/0363546514529083

Cited by 90 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Lower extremity injuries were much more common in fielders than pitchers. Common lower extremity injuries include those to the hamstrings [46]. Dahm et al [47] reported the knee injury rate across MiLB and MLB to be 1.2 per 1000 AEs.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although injuries to the upper extremities are important and tend to garner the most attention in baseball, lower extremity injuries can also result in significant loss of participation time. In 2011 alone, 268 hamstring strains occurred in professional baseball, and these resulted in an average of 24 lost days of participation per injury [46]. Prevention of these injuries is important and the use of Nordic or eccentric hamstring exercises have been shown to decrease the incidence of hamstring injuries in professional soccer players [63] (Fig.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury Prevention in Baseball: from Youth to the Pros

Melugin

Leafblad

Camp

et al. 2018

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

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Overuse is the predominant mechanism of injury in youth baseball players. Newer stretching and exercise protocols may help prevent these injuries. At the professional level, however, overuse has not been proven to correlate with increased injury incidence, but pitch counts are still monitored. There continues to be a rise in operations performed for baseball-related injuries, including ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction, particularly in younger athletes. As the level of play increases, there is significant loss of participation due to injuries, such as the UCL in the upper extremity and the hamstrings in the lower extremity. Baseball is a widely popular sport, which has led to a focus on injury epidemiology and prevention. While the majority of research regarding baseball injuries focuses on pitchers, fielders and catchers are also at risk. In an attempt to decrease non-contact injuries in the upper and lower extremities, stretching and strengthening exercises are vitally important. Because injury profiles demonstrate significant variability from youth to professional baseball, unique prevention strategies are likely necessary at each level. More research is needed to develop and validate appropriately targeted injury prevention programs.

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Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury Prevention in Baseball: from Youth to the Pros

Melugin

Leafblad

Camp

et al. 2018

Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, the rate of TBI has been reported to be 0.75 per 1,000 AE in American football and 0.74 per 1,000 AE in ice hockey ( 23 ). Despite the seemingly low injury rate, concussions are among the top ten time-loss injuries in professional baseball ( 41 ), can be career threatening for athletes ( 42 ) and have potentially catastrophic results, including immediate death ( 2 ). TBIs accounted for 63.4% (26/41) of all catastrophic baseball injuries reported to the NCCSIR between 1982 and 2002 ( 2 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Traumatic Brain Injuries in Baseball and Softball: A Framework for Prevention

Cusimano

Zhu

2017

Front. Neurol.

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BackgroundTraumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are an important public health challenge. The classification of baseball and softball as low contact sports and their association with extremity injuries cause individuals to overlook the risk of TBI in baseball and softball.PurposeTo summarize our knowledge of the epidemiology and risk factors of TBIs associated with baseball and softball with an aim to better design and implement preventive strategies.MethodsA search algorithm containing keywords that were synonymous to the terms “TBI,” “baseball” was applied to the following nine databases: MEDLINE, Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Healthstar, PsychINFO, AMED, Cochrane library. Cited reference lists of identified articles were also consulted yielding a total of eighty-eight articles for full review. The search was concluded on November 14, 2016. The level of evidence was evaluated according to the guidelines from Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology statement.ResultsTwenty-nine articles published between 2000 and 2016 met the criteria for analysis. Collectively, they examined the years 1982–2015 and identified 242,731 baseball-and softball-related TBIs. The most explored outcome of TBI was concussion. The average injury rate per 1,000 athletic exposures was 0.13 (range 0.03–0.46). The most common mechanism of injury was being struck by bat for younger players and being struck by ball for older athletes (adolescent and beyond). Rates of TBI were on average 4.17 times greater in games compared to practices. Females were on average 2.04 times more likely to sustain a TBI than males. Severity of TBIs varied considerably from mild and returning to the field on the same day, to immediate death. Generally, there is poor compliance with helmet use and return-to-play post-concussion guidelines. An increase TBI rates was observed over time. Multifaceted preventive strategies must be implemented to reduce the frequency and burden of these injuries.ConclusionIt is difficult to compare the epidemiologic trends of TBI in baseball and softball due critical differences in the methods employed across the studies. Additional research is needed to provide a greater understanding of baseball- and softball-related TBI and to aid in the development of prevention and management modules.

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“…The HITS database has proven to be an excellent source for epidemiologic studies involving injuries in baseball, such as recent studies on abdominal oblique injuries, sliding injuries, elbow injuries, and hamstring strains. 1 , 5 , 6 , 9 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fracture Epidemiology in Professional Baseball From 2011 to 2017

Rubenstein

Allahabadi

Curriero

et al. 2020

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Fractures are a significant cause of missed time in Major League Baseball (MLB) and Minor League Baseball (MiLB). MLB and the MLB Players Association recently instituted rule changes to limit collisions at home plate and second base. Purpose: To evaluate the epidemiologic characteristics of fractures in professional baseball and to assess the change in acute fracture incidence secondary to traumatic collisions at home plate and second base after the recently instituted rule changes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: The MLB Health and Injury Tracking System (HITS) database was used to access injury information on MLB and MiLB players to analyze fracture data from 2011 to 2017. Injuries were included if the primary diagnosis was classified as a fracture in the HITS system in its International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes; injuries were excluded if they were not work related, if they occurred in the offseason, or if they were sustained by a nonplayer. The proportion of fractures occurring due to contact with the ground or another person in the relevant area of the field—home plate or second base—in the years before rule implementation was compared with the years after. Results: A total of 1798 fractures were identified: 342 among MLB players and 1456 among MiLB players. Mean time missed per fracture was 56.6 ± 48.4 days, with significantly less time missed in MLB (46.8 ± 47.7 days) compared with MiLB (59.0 ± 48.3 days) ( P < .0001). A 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Bonferroni correction demonstrated that starting pitchers missed significantly more time due to fractures per injury than all other position groups ( P < .0001). Acute fractures due to contact with the ground or with another athlete were significantly decreased after rule implementation at home plate in 2014 (22 [3.0%] vs 14 [1.3%]; P = .015) and at second base in 2016 (90 [7.0%] vs 23 [4.5%]; P = .045). Conclusion: The recently instituted rule changes to reduce collisions between players at home plate and at second base are associated with reductions in the proportion of acute fractures in those areas on the field.

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Major and Minor League Baseball Hamstring Injuries

Abstract: Hamstring strains are a considerable cause of disability in professional baseball and are affected by history of hamstring strain, seasonal timing, and running to first base.

Cited by 90 publications

References 31 publications

Injury Prevention in Baseball: from Youth to the Pros

Injury Prevention in Baseball: from Youth to the Pros

Systematic Review of Traumatic Brain Injuries in Baseball and Softball: A Framework for Prevention

Fracture Epidemiology in Professional Baseball From 2011 to 2017

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