Major anatomical variations of the tracheobronchial tree: Bronchoscopic observation

Gönlügür, Uğur; Efeoglu, Tanseli; Kaptanoğlu, Melih; Akkurt, İbrahim

doi:10.1111/j.1447-073x.2005.00104.x

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…On the contrary, this placement is absent in our study. In contrast to previous reports [9,10], in this study trifurcate pattern in middle lobe bronchus was not found. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance of the Thorax states that right superior segmental bronchus is usually bifurcate, rarely trifurcate as our study [3].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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Variations in Patterns of Bronchial Tree

Kiliç¹

2010

JCAM

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Özet AmaçBronş ağacının dallanma biçimindeki farklılıkların bilinmesi gö-ğüs hastalıklarının tanısı ve cerrahisi için yararlıdır. Çalışma-mızda bronş ağacının dallanma biçimindeki farklılıkları ortaya çıkarmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve YöntemlerBu çalışmada 15 kadavraya ait 15 sağ, 15 sol akciğer kullanıldı. Her bir lobun tüm dalları etrafını saran parankimden diseke edildi. Bronş ağacının dallanması görünür hale getirildi. Segmental ve bazı subsegmental bronkusların dallanma biçimleri belirlendi ve aksesuar bronkusların bulunup bulunmadığı incelendi. Bulgular Bronş ağacının dallanma biçimindeki en sık farklılıkların sağ tarafta B6c, B6a+6b; B7, B8, B9+10 ve sol tarafta B1+2, B3; B7+8, B9+10 şeklinde olduğunu tespit ettik. En sık görülen aksesuar bronkuslar sağ tarafta B10 segmentinden çıkan bronchus segmentalis subsuperior, ve sol tarafta bronchus segmentalis subsuperior ve B10 segmentinden çıkan bronchus segmentalis subsuperior'dur. Birçok araştırmacı bronş ağacının dallarının tespit edilmesi için farklı terminolojiler kullanmıştır. Sol akciğer-lerde B1+2 (60%) ve B7+8 (79,99%) şeklindeki dallanma biçim-lerini daha sık olarak bulduk. Sonuç Sol tarafta 8 segmental bronkus bulunduğunu tespit ettik. Bu çalışma birçok radyolojik ve anatomik çalışma için faydalı olacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler Bronkuslar, Akciğer, Göğüs Cerrahisi, Bronkoskopi, Bronşiyal Hastalıklar, Terminoloji. Abstract AimKnowledge of variations in patterns of bronchial tree is useful for diagnosis and surgery of chest diseases. In our study we aimed to expose the variations in patterns of bronchial tree. Material and MethodsIn this study 15 right and 15 left lungs from 15 cadavers were used. All branches of each lobe were dissected from the surrounding parenchyma. Ramification of bronchial tree was displayed. The patterns of segmental and some subsegmental bronchi were determinated and whether accessory bronchus present or not was examined. ResultsWe identified that most common variations in the patterns of bronchial tree are B6c, B6a+6b; B7, B8, B9+10 in right side and B1+2, B3; B7+8, B9+10 in left side. The most common accessory bronchi were bronchus subsuperior arising from B10 in right side, and bronchus subsuperior and bronchus subsuperior arising from B10 in left side. Many researchers used different terminologies for identification of branches of bronchial tree. We commonly found patterns of B1+2 (60%) and B7+8 (79,99%) in left lungs. Conclusion It is identified that there are 8 segmental bronchi on the left. This study will be helpful for many radiological and anatomical studies.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…It is identified that there are 8 segmental bronchi on the left. The results of some researchers [3,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] were documented and compared in Table 4-8. It is reported that the most common variation in left upper lobe is three bronchi in the lingular division as our findings [4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in Patterns of Bronchial Tree

Kiliç¹

2010

JCAM

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“…2). (10,13). Also, most of these procedures are performed in the trachea rather than the main bronchus.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

True Tracheal Bronchus: Classification and Anatomical Relationship on Multi-Detector Computed Tomography

Kim

Jou

et al. 2017

J Korean Soc Radiol

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Purpose:To propose the imaging classification of true tracheal bronchus (TTB) on multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT), and to evaluate its anatomical relationship with surrounding structures. Materials and Methods:This study included 44 patients who were diagnosed with TTB on MDCT for 6 years. We classified TTB into five types, based on the existence of the right upper lobe bronchus originating from the right main bronchus and the number of segmental bronchi of TTB. We analyzed the site of origin and the running direction of TTB based on its anatomical relationship with surrounding structures and some ancillary findings. Results: The imaging classification of TTB included Type I (47.7%), Type II (13.6%), Type III (11.4%), Type IV (25.0%), and Type V (2.0%). According to the site of origin of TTB, below the aortic arch (52.3%) and at the level of the aortic arch (43.1%) were the two main sites of origin, whereas the frequency of the site of origin above the azygos arch, at the level of the azygos arch, and below the azygos arch was 27.3%, 38.6%, and 34.1%, respectively. Considering both aortic and azygos arches, below the aortic arch and below the azygos arch were the most common sites of origin (27.3%). With respect to the running direction of TTB, in all cases, TTB passed below the azygos arch to the right upper lobe. There was no statistically significant (p > 0.05) difference in age or sex between types of TTB. Ancillary findings included tracheal stenosis (n = 2), narrowing of the right main bronchus (n = 2), luminal narrowing of TTB and bronchiectasis at the distal portion (n = 1), and a highly located azygos arch above the aortic arch (n = 2). Conclusion:The proposed imaging classification of TTB and its anatomical relationship with surrounding structures will improve our understanding of various imaging features and embryological development of TTB. Radiologists should pay careful attention to evaluation of the airway including the trachea on thoracic imaging. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Index terms

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“…Two theories have been proposed for the development of a tracheal bronchus: (1) a failure to regression of the tracheal buds in utero and (2) a result of interruption of normal embryogenesis [3] . An anomalous bronchus that originates proximal to the origin of an upper lobe bronchus is termed preeparterial on the right side and prehyparterial on the left side [2] .…”

Section: Answermentioning

confidence: 99%