Maize Endosperm Tissue as an Endoreduplication System

Kowles, Richard; Yerk, G. L.; Srienc, Friedrich; Phillips, Ronald L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-3424-2_5

Cited by 21 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…An inherent requirement for the accuracy of any model used to study plant development in an agricultural setting is that there be minimal variation among individuals sampled from a given time point. In this case, previous research indicated that DNA content and the distribution of mitotic and endoreduplicating nuclei within an endosperm vary only slightly within the middle third of a given ear (4). These traits have been demonstrated to be controlled by nuclear genes in the maternal parent-that is, the plant on which the ear is borne (4).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…1) represent dN3c/dt = 2kN(1 -N/Nma) -riN3C [2] At 4 DAP an increase in total cell number occurs as the nuclei are each compartmentalized into single cells. TheredN6c/dt = -r2N6c + r1N3c -kN(l -N/Nmax) [3] after, increases in cell number are the predominant factor in dN12C'dt = -r3N12c + r2N6C [4] endosperm growth until the endoreduplication process begins. Given this type of developmental profile, it is highly dN24C/dt = -r4N24c + r3N12C [5] unlikely that the first set of initial conditions would prove satisfactory owing to the increase in cell number after 4 dN48C/dt = -rsN48c + r4N24C [6] DAP.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To further investigate how the transition rates might vary in maize endosperm, five different transition rates (ri-r5) were determined by least-squares estimation from the experimental data using Eqs. [2][3][4][5][6][7]. These five transition rates were then used in the model equations to simulate the changes in nuclei number at each C level over time.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, nuclei in adjacent cells may have radically different DNA contents. Endoreduplication of the nuclear DNA accounts for the tremendous increases observed (2,4). The process of endoreduplication consists of alternating S and G phases, resulting in polytenization of the chromosomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Dynamics of maize endosperm development and DNA endoreduplication.

Schweizer

Yerk-Davis

Phillips

et al. 1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Endosperm development in Zea mays is characterized by a period of intense mitotic activity followed by a period in which mitosis is essentially eliminated and the cell cycle becomes one of alternating S and G phases, leading to endoreduplication of the nuclear DNA. The endosperm represents a significant contribution to the grain yield of maize; thus, methods that facilitate the study of cellular kinetics may be useful in discerning cellular and molecular components of grain yield. Two mathematical models have been developed to describe the kinetics of endosperm growth. The first describes the kinetics of mitosis during endosperm development; the second describes the kinetics of DNA endoreduplication during endosperm development. The mitotic model is a modification of standard growth curves. The endoreduplication model is composed of six differential equations that represent the progression of nuclei from one DNA content to another during the endoreduplication process. Total nuclei number per endosperm and the number of 3C, 6C, 12C, 24C, 48C, and 96C nuclei per endosperm (C is the haploid DNA content per nucleus) for inbred W64A from 8 to 18 days after pollination were determined by flow cytometry. The results indicate that the change in number of nuclei expressed as a function of the number of days after pollination is the same from one yearly crop to another. These data were used in the model to determine the endosperm growth rate, the maximum nuclei number per endosperm, and transition rates from one C value to the next higher C value. The kinetics of endosperm development are reasonably well represented by the models. Thus, the models provide a means to quantify the complex pattern of endosperm development.Changes in mitosis and DNA content appear to be fundamental events in normal endosperm development in Zea mays (maize) (1, 2). Maize is a major source of food and feed throughout the world. The endosperm makes up '80% of the mature kernel weight. Elucidating the cellular and molecular events that contribute to normal endosperm development may provide a better understanding of the components of grain yield and afford the possibility to manipulate these components to alter grain yield.Maize endosperm begins as a triploid tissue resulting from the union of two polar nuclei and one sperm nucleus. After fertilization, endosperm growth is the result of increases in both cell number and cell size. For the first 4 days after pollination (DAP), the endosperm nuclei divide synchronously without cell wall formation. At 4 DAP, cell walls are laid down, and the tissue changes from a multinucleate, single cell to a uninucleate, multicellular morphology. From this time forward, the nuclear divisions are asynchronous. The mitotic index peaks between 8 and 10 DAP and then plummets (3). AsThe publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.the mitotic index decre...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Dynamics of maize endosperm development and DNA endoreduplication.

Schweizer

Yerk-Davis

Phillips

et al. 1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…5A,B). Therefore, we classified nuclei by their size, which correlates with the ploidy and consequently with cell size (Jovtchev et al, 2006;Kowles et al, 1992;Melaragno et al, 1993). Wild-type sepals have 14.9±1.4 cells with large nuclei expressing the giant cell enhancer (Fig.…”

Section: The Epidermal Specification Pathway Promotes Giant Cell Idenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell cycle regulates cell type in theArabidopsissepal

et al. 2012

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SUMMARYThe formation of cellular patterns during development requires the coordination of cell division with cell identity specification. This coordination is essential in patterning the highly elongated giant cells, which are interspersed between small cells, in the outer epidermis of the Arabidopsis thaliana sepal. Giant cells undergo endocycles, replicating their DNA without dividing, whereas small cells divide mitotically. We show that distinct enhancers are expressed in giant cells and small cells, indicating that these cell types have different identities as well as different sizes. We find that members of the epidermal specification pathway, DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1), MERISTEM LAYER1 (ATML1), Arabidopsis CRINKLY4 (ACR4) and HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS11 (HDG11), control the identity of giant cells. Giant cell identity is established upstream of cell cycle regulation. Conversely, endoreduplication represses small cell identity. These results show not only that cell type affects cell cycle regulation, but also that changes in the cell cycle can regulate cell type. KEY WORDS: Epidermal specification, Giant cell, EndoreduplicationCell cycle regulates cell type in the Arabidopsis sepal MATERIALS AND METHODS Enhancer trap markersOne marker from the Poethig collection of enhancer trap lines expressed in the flowers (ABRC stock number CS70134) showed the small cell expression pattern. The giant cell marker is enhancer trap line YJ158 from the Bowman collection (Eshed et al., 2004).

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Nuclear DNA Content Analysis of Plant Seeds by Flow Cytometry

Śliwińska

2006

CP Cytometry

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Procedures describing the utilization of seeds or their parts for flow cytometric determination of plant ploidy and endopolyploidy, genome size, and cell cycle activity are presented. The methods have been developed for a single‐fluorescence‐parameter flow cytometer, equipped with light sources for 488‐nm and UV‐light illumination. The procedures presented in this unit utilize the two most widely used fluorochromes for plant DNA content analysis, propidium iodide (PI) and 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI). These methods provide an alternative to estimation of DNA content based on the fluorescence of DNA in cell nuclei isolated from plant leaves. In some instances seeds are more suitable for analysis than leaves, e.g., when plant material must be transported for a long distances or stored for prolonged periods before flow cytometric analysis, or when leaves contain fluorochrome‐staining inhibitors. In addition, flow cytometric determination of nuclear replication stages in seeds gives information about their physiological status (e.g., maturity, advancement of germination), which is valuable to seed producers and technologists.

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Maize Endosperm Tissue as an Endoreduplication System

Cited by 21 publications

References 57 publications

Dynamics of maize endosperm development and DNA endoreduplication.

Dynamics of maize endosperm development and DNA endoreduplication.

Cell cycle regulates cell type in theArabidopsissepal

Nuclear DNA Content Analysis of Plant Seeds by Flow Cytometry

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