Maintenance of normal structure in heteroploid salamander larvae, through compensation of changes in cell size by adjustment of cell number and cell shape

Fankhauser, Gerhard

doi:10.1002/jez.1401000310

Cited by 138 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…However, tube size can be controlled independently of cell number. Classical experiments with salamanders demonstrated that tube diameter (and length) could be maintained despite an approximately fivefold change in cell number (Fankhauser, 1945). Similarly, approximately fourfold changes in cell number in the Drosophila tracheal system did not dramatically alter the size of tracheal tubes (Beitel and Krasnow, 2000).…”

Section: Controlling Lumen Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Tubulogenesis

2013

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SummaryMetazoans require epithelial and endothelial tubes to transport liquids and gasses throughout their bodies. Although biological tubes may look relatively similar at first glance, there are multiple and distinct mechanisms by which tubes form and even more regulatory events driving the cell shape changes that produce tubes of specific dimensions. An overview of the current understanding of the molecular processes and physical forces involved in tubulogenesis is presented in this review and the accompanying poster.

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Section: Controlling Lumen Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Tubulogenesis

2013

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“…We speculate that in these organisms too, growth is influenced by cell cycle state. This principle may in part explain the longstanding enigma of how normal organ size can be maintained in the face of drastic alterations in the size of constituent cells (Fankhauser 1945;Weigmann et al 1997;Neufeld et al 1998). For example, reduction of CDK activity in Drosophila imaginal discs results in fewer cells, and yet overall disk size is not altered (Weigmann et al 1997;Neufeld et al 1998).…”

Section: Actin Polarization Inhibits Growth In All Cell Cycle Phasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rate of cell growth is governed by cell cycle stage

Goranov¹,

Cook²,

Řičicová³

et al. 2009

Genes Dev.

152

145

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Cell growth is an essential requirement for cell cycle progression. While it is often held that growth is independent of cell cycle position, this relationship has not been closely scrutinized. Here we show that in budding yeast, the ability of cells to grow changes during the cell cycle. We find that cell growth is faster in cells arrested in anaphase and G1 than in other cell cycle stages. We demonstrate that the establishment of a polarized actin cytoskeleton-either as a consequence of normal cell division or through activation of the mating pheromone response-potently attenuates protein synthesis and growth. We furthermore show by population and single-cell analysis that growth varies during an unperturbed cell cycle, slowing at the time of polarized growth. Our study uncovers a fundamental relationship whereby cell cycle position regulates growth.[Keywords: Actin polarization; cdc28; cell cycle; cell growth; cell size; Saccharomyces] Supplemental material is available at http://www.genesdev.org.

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“…Additional sets of chromosomes in polyploid asexuals lead to increased genetic diversity within an individual, which may have a positive effect on the resistance to parasites (LaPatra et al 1996;Nuismer and Otto 2004;Osnas and Lively 2006). Increased ploidy may have an adverse effect on the immune system, because polyploidization can result in an increased cell size, which can lead to a decreased number of cells in the body and changes in cell shape (Fankhauser 1945;Otto and Whitton 2000). This will particularly affect physiological processes in which cell size and cell number may play a crucial role (like immune function; Hakoyama et al 2001).…”

Section: Effects Of Hybridization and Polyploidizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding the horizon: the Red Queen and potential alternatives

Tobler

Schlupp

2008

Can. J. Zool.

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Abstract:The Red Queen hypothesis (RQH) is one of the most widely accepted hypotheses explaining the persistence of sexual reproduction despite its costs. It posits that sexual species, compared with asexuals, are more adept at countering parasites, because their per-generation recombination rate is higher. Despite theoretical support, current empirical studies have failed to provide unanimous support. Here, we suggest that future tests of the RQH should more thoroughly elucidate its underlying assumptions and potential alternative hypotheses. While the RQH predicts that negative frequency-dependent selection shapes host-parasite interactions, differences between sexuals and asexuals are potentially important. Key assumptions about asexual species and their sexual close relatives include (i) ecological and behavioral traits are similar, (ii) among-individual genetic diversity is greater in sexuals than in asexuals, and (iii) within-individual genetic diversity is similar in asexuals and sexuals. We review current evidence for the RQH, highlight differences between asexual and sexual species and how those differences might translate into differential responses to parasite infections, and discuss how they can influence the results and interpretation of empirical studies. Considering differences between asexual and sexual species in future tests of the RQH will help to refine predictions and eliminate alternative hypotheses.Résumé : L'hypothèse de la reine rouge (RQH) est l'une des hypothèses les plus généralement acceptées pour expliquer la persistance de la reproduction sexuelle malgré son coût. Elle suppose que les espèces sexuées, par comparaison aux asexuées, peuvent contrer leurs parasites plus efficacement parce que leur taux de recombinaison par génération est plus élevé. Malgré l'appui théorique à cette hypothèse, les études empiriques courantes ne fournissent pas de confirmation unanime. Nous proposons ici que les évaluations futures de la RQH devraient élucider plus attentivement les propositions sous-jacentes et considérer les hypothèses potentielles de rechange. Alors que la RQH prédit qu'une sélection négative dé-pendante de la fréquence affecte les interactions hôtes-parasites, les différences entre les sexués et les asexués peuvent s'avérer importantes. Les présuppositions principales faites au sujet des espèces asexuées et de leurs proches parents sexués sont que (i) leurs traits écologiques et comportementaux sont semblables, (ii) la diversité génétique parmi les individus est plus élevée chez les sexués que chez les asexués et (iii) la diversité génétique individuelle est la même chez les asexués et les sexués. Nous passons en revue les appuis actuels à la RQH, mettons en évidence les différences entre les espè-ces asexuées et sexuées, montrons comment ces différences peuvent mener à des réactions différentes à les infections parasitaires et discutons comment tout ceci peut influencer les résultats et l'interprétation des études empiriques. La prise en considération des différences entre les espè...

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Maintenance of normal structure in heteroploid salamander larvae, through compensation of changes in cell size by adjustment of cell number and cell shape

Cited by 138 publications

References 10 publications

Tubulogenesis

Tubulogenesis

The rate of cell growth is governed by cell cycle stage

Expanding the horizon: the Red Queen and potential alternatives

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