Maintenance of avoidance during differential shock and nonshock confinement

Reynierse, James H.; Rizley, Ross C.; Scavio, Michael J.

doi:10.3758/bf03342403

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…For example, while relatively long nonshock confinement increased resistance to extinction in the present study, Denny and Weisman (1964) showed that it decreased resistance to extinction when the shock and nonshock compartments were the same during extinction and confinement was very long. The present results are directly comparable with those obtained by Reynierse et al (1968) since the present investigation replicated their procedures. The studies differ only in that the animals in the earlier study spent some time of a constant intertrial interval in both the shock and nonshock compartments; the present investigation is a logical but extreme extension of that manipulation in which the animals spent the entire intertrial interval in either the shock or nonshock compartments.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Using as base line the mean of 22.6 The relatively large mean postextinetion score was due to a single S whose score, while relatively large, was still well below the typical score for Ss confined in the shock compartment. trials to extinction reported by Reynierse et al (1968) for nonshock confinement ranging 20-100 sec., it is apparent that 120-sec. nonshock confinement enhanced resistance to extinction (X = 72.92) while 0-sec.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Consequently, subjects spent little time in the presence of shock-associated cues. In contrast, animals in an earlier experiment (Reynierse et al, 1968) spent at least 20 sec. in the shock compartment prior to the CS onset.…”

mentioning

confidence: 80%

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Relaxation and fear as determinants of maintained avoidance in rats.

Reynierse

Rizley²

1970

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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providing the computer program for the co variance analyses of Experiments 1 and 2. The authors especially want to thank Augustus Lumia for providing many stimulating comments and criticisms at various stages of this research. Thanks are also due to M. Ray Denny. David Linden, and J. Bruce Overmier for their criticisms of an earlier draft of this paper.2 Requests for reprints shou'd be sent to James

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Relaxation and fear as determinants of maintained avoidance in rats.

Reynierse

Rizley²

1970

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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“…These results are compatible with those of Reynierse and Rizley (1970), although these experimenters employed confinement during the intertrial interval. The results of Reynierse et al (1968) were also supported. In this study rats confined in both shock and nonshock areas failed to extinguish rapidly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 54%

“…However, Reynierse, Rizley, and Scavio (1968) failed to find any effect during extinction when length of nonshock confinement was manipulated. In addition, Reynierse and Rizley (1970) found that confinement in the nonshock area during the intertrial interval increased resistance to extinction.…”

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confidence: 89%

Cue exposure and overt fear responses as determinants of extinction of avoidance in rats.

Morokoff¹,

Timberlake²

1971

Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology

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Five groups of eight rats each were trained in a one-way avoidance apparatus, given differential posttraining exposure to shock' and/or nonshoek sides, and extinguished. During posttraining exposure fear responses were recorded using a time-sampling method. Results showed that prevention of the avoidance response in the presence of shock cues facilitated extinction; but exposure to nonshoek cues slowed extinction. Overt fear responses failed to predict significantly the order of extinction either within or between groups. The results are congruent with the assumptions that during acquisition fear responses develop to both shock and nonshoek sides, exposure reduces fear responses, and extinction speed is a function of the resultant relative aversiveness of the two sides. 1 This research is based on an undergraduate honors thesis of the first author at Indiana University. The authors would like to thank James Allison for his criticisms and suggestions. 2 Requests for reprints should be sent to William

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Genetic experiments with animal learning: A critical review

Wahłsten

1972

Behavioral Biology

138

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Abstract:The basic patterns of inheritance of learning ability in animals have been delineated. Summaries of strain differences in learning rate, responses to selective breeding for learning, heritabilities of learning phenotypes, and heterosis and overdominance are presented. In addition, the patterns of inheritance are shown to vary with the early environment.The causes of genetic differences have received much attention, but much of the research is inconclusive. Both general learning ability and task-specific abilities are important, but their relative importance is not known for most learning tasks. Strain differences have been found to vary widely in response to variations in stimulus parameters, motivational levels, temporal spacing of trials, and pharmacological manipulations. However, in only a few cases have strain differences in learning actually been shown to be attributable to differences in sensory capacities, motivation, memory or activity levels. The physiological bases for differences are totally unknown. The pathways of gene action on learning also await discovery.Although some researchers have claimed to study the adaptive value of learning, their exclusive utilization of laboratory populations precludes meaningful interpretation of their results.Several methodological shortcomings of various experiments are considered, and important areas for future research are suggested. Article:Learning is a phenotype which has engaged the interests of numerous researchers seeking genetic bases for behavioral differences. In fact, much of the earliest research identifiable as behavior genetics dealt with some aspect of learning in animals (Bagg, 1916;Yerkes, 1916;Tolman, 1924). Ensuing experimentation was performed primarily by psychologists using genetically ill-defined populations. The rather recent appearance of standardized inbred mouse strains with widespread availability has led to renewed interest in the genetic analysis of learning, as well as other phenotypes. Several sophisticated quantitative genetic tools are now readily available for the study of learning. Examples of the application to learning research of selective breeding, the classical cross, the diallel cross, sib analysis, parent-offspring regression, and single-gene analysis have appeared recently.A central motive for compiling the present review is the author's opinion that the increase in genetic sophistication has not been paralleled by a similar growth in the sophistication of measures of learning. In many studies it appears that learning was selected as a phenotype of convenience and general interest.Similarly, the questions about learning investigated have tended to be simplistic and of little interest to those concerned with the nature of the learning process itself. Many recent studies have raised issues that were presented in the earliest research and therefore have contributed little to progress in the area. This is an unfortunate situation in view of the potential power of genetic techniques to answer important questions abou...

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Maintenance of avoidance during differential shock and nonshock confinement

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Relaxation and fear as determinants of maintained avoidance in rats.

Relaxation and fear as determinants of maintained avoidance in rats.

Cue exposure and overt fear responses as determinants of extinction of avoidance in rats.

Genetic experiments with animal learning: A critical review

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