Main Microstructural Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V Components Produced via Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM)

Lopez-Castaño, Silvia; Emile, Philippe; Archambeau, Claude; Pettinari‐Sturmel, Florence; Douin, Joël

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-65261-6_16

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…This problem is most serious in the case of directed energy deposition methods to produce large-sized titanium alloy products [7]. This is primarily caused by the complex thermal cycles in the 3D printing process, which leads to the formation of a directionally oriented coarse-grained structure [8,9]. In the case of titanium alloys, the structure is represented by columnar grains of the primary β phase, and the length of these grains can reach several centimeters [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Regularities of Metal Transfer by a Nickel-Based Superalloy Tool during Friction Stir Processing of a Titanium Alloy Produced by Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

Rubtsov,

Chumaevskii,

Knyazhev

et al. 2024

Metals

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In this work, the interaction of an additively produced Ti-4Al-3V titanium alloy with a nickel superalloy tool and the features of the stir zone formation during friction stir processing have been studied. The stop-action technique was used to produce the samples to be studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy methods, as well as microhardness measurements. As a result, it was revealed that the tool, when moving, forms a pre-deformed area in front of it, which is characterized by a fine-grained structure. The presence of an interface layer between the workpiece material and primary fragmentation by the tool was revealed. It was demonstrated that the transfer of titanium alloy material occurs periodically following the ratio of feeding speed to tool rotation rate. Metal flow around the tool can occur in both laminar and vortex modes, as indicated by the tool material stirred into the transfer layer and used as a marker.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Regularities of Metal Transfer by a Nickel-Based Superalloy Tool during Friction Stir Processing of a Titanium Alloy Produced by Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

Rubtsov,

Chumaevskii,

Knyazhev

et al. 2024

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This problem is most serious in the case of directed energy deposition methods to produce large-sized titanium alloy products [7]. This is primarily caused by the complex thermal cycles in the 3D printing process that led to the formation of a directionally oriented coarse-grained structure [8,9]. In the case of titanium alloys, the structure is represented by columnar grains of the primary β phase, and the length of these grains can reach several centimeters [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regularities of Metal Transfer by Nickel-Based Superalloy Tool at Friction Stir Processing of Titanium Alloy, Produced by Wire Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

Rubtsov,

Chumaevskii,

Knyazhev

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Wire-Feeding Based Additive Manufacturing of the Ti–6Al–4V Alloy. Part I. Microstructure

2023

Prog. Phys. Met.

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In recent years, metal additive manufacturing (AM), also known as 3D printing, is grown massively in the industry. The ability of AM to build parts directly from the digital representation makes it an excellent alternative compared to traditional manufacturing technologies, such as milling, welding, casting, rolling, stamping, forging and turning for rapidly making highly customized parts. Currently, a number of different powder- and wire-based AM technologies are developed for 3D printing of metals. A number of potential benefits of AM are noted, including the allowance of design freedom, complex parts’ production, the material waste and part weight reductions, material use minimization; it also saves the time and money of the production cycle times. Due to the feasibility of the economically producing large-scale metal components with relatively high deposition rate, low machinery cost, high material efficiency, and shortened lead time as compared to the powder-based AM, the wire-based AM significantly attracted in the industry and academia due to its ability to produce the large components of the medium geometric complexity. During this AM process, the wire is fed by the controlled rate into the melt pool produced by the electric arc, laser or electron beam as the heat source. In the past few decades, the basic research and development efforts are devoted to the wire-based 3D printing parts made of Ti–6Al–4V alloy, which has been widely investigated and used in different fields such as aerospace, automotive, energy, marine industries and in addition to the prosthetics and the orthopaedic implants. Numerous studies in recent years on the influence of the 3D printing parameters have shown a significant difference in the mechanism and kinetics of the microstructure formation in the Ti–6Al–4V alloy samples compared to traditional technologies. It is well investigated that the mechanical properties of such alloy are dependent on the solidification macro- and microstructure, which is controlled by the thermal conditions during 3D printing. In the present review, the main microstructural characteristics, which determine the mechanical properties of the two-phase Ti–6Al–4V alloy, are analysed for the samples obtained by wire-feed 3D printing with various sources used for the wire melting, namely, the electric arc, the laser, and the electron beam. At first, the review introduces the links between the process parameters, resultant microstructures, especially, the morphology, the size and the quantitative ratio of the α and β grains in the as-printed Ti–6Al–4V alloy samples. However, the metallic products manufactured by a vast majority of the AM processes need to be post-processed by heat treatment and/or hot isostatic pressing, which are also discussed in this review.

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Main Microstructural Characteristics of Ti-6Al-4V Components Produced via Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing (EBAM)

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

The Regularities of Metal Transfer by a Nickel-Based Superalloy Tool during Friction Stir Processing of a Titanium Alloy Produced by Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

The Regularities of Metal Transfer by a Nickel-Based Superalloy Tool during Friction Stir Processing of a Titanium Alloy Produced by Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

Regularities of Metal Transfer by Nickel-Based Superalloy Tool at Friction Stir Processing of Titanium Alloy, Produced by Wire Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing

Wire-Feeding Based Additive Manufacturing of the Ti–6Al–4V Alloy. Part I. Microstructure

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