Main complementary food ingredients contributing to aflatoxin exposure to infants and young children in Kongwa, Tanzania

Mollay, Clara; Kimanya, Martin; Kassim, Neema; Stoltzfus, Rebecca J.

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108709

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…where Y, U are the initial variables; z is the desired root. The expression W w (z) was written in parentheses for the original two-dimensional system in matrix form (12), (13).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…K. Vamvoudakis & S. Jagannathan (2016) convinced that the process of technological processing of the results is associated with some uncertainty caused by the presence of discharges on the contour of the object being processed, when the electrode moves directly over the surface being processed. In turn, C. Mollay et al (2021) considered that its unpredictable relief is explained by the destruction of molding mixtures during the purification of castings, as well as random changes in the shape parameters of products.…”

Section: The Conducted Experiments Suggest the Following Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Improving Control Accuracy in Multi-Connected Digital Systems

REPNIKOVA¹,

BERDNYK²,

HNYP³

2022

Scientific Horizons

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The presented scientific research is relevant, because currently it is necessary to develop and implement modern control systems for technological processes. This allows increasing the accuracy of control in multi-connected digital systems, the mathematical models of which are built on the platform of the state space method. The purpose of this study is to develop a new method for improving control accuracy in multiconnected digital systems. The methodological framework of this study, determined directly for the qualitative solution of the problem, included analytical expressions that functionally not only eliminate the influence of each state and control on the rest, but also ensure high accuracy of control processes. In this scientific study, the results were obtained, standing for a methodical approach to the synthesis of vector-matrix models of regulators using feedback on the state. The vector-matrix model of the controller, combining the function of monitoring and control of feedback on the state was formed. By using computational capabilities of the mathematical apparatus adopted in the study, the matrices of the system regulators and correction coefficients were calculated. The formulated conclusions affect various aspects of the practical application of the method of determining the feedback matrix by state, deriving an analytical formula for determining the correction coefficients to ensure zero steady-state control error, as well as performing the decomposition of a digital system with the definition of a vector-matrix model of a regulator combining the functions of regulation and supervision. The materials and methods of paper fully correspond to the stated subject and can serve as a qualitative methodological basis for following research in this area

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“…where Y, U are the initial variables; z is the desired root. The expression W w (z) was written in parentheses for the original two-dimensional system in matrix form (12), (13).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Conducted Experiments Suggest the Following Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Control Accuracy in Multi-Connected Digital Systems

REPNIKOVA¹,

BERDNYK²,

HNYP³

2022

Scientific Horizons

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This technique can also work for other combination of ingredients if known to be less susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Mollay et al, (2022) found about 82.14% of analysed CF ingredients to be contaminated with Afaltoxin B1 in the range of 317µg/kg with aflatoxin B1 exposure ranging from 0.33 to 1168ng/kgbw/day. Susceptible ingredients such as groundnuts and maize should be avoided unless their safety status is known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Of great interest is the non-detection of both total aflatoxins and aflatoxin B1. Numerous literature show varied levels of aflatoxin combination with significant proportions exceeding the allowed limits in Tanzania of 10 µ/kg for total aflatoxin and 5 µg/kg for afalatoxin B1 (Guchi, 2015;James and Zikankuba, 2018;Kaale et al, 2021;Kamala et al, 2017Kamala et al, ,2018a2018b;Kimanya et al, 2012;Mollay et al, 2022;Magoha et al, 2014). The results in Table 3 show that the test flour exhibited high levels of zinc, iron and fiber.…”

Section: Quality and Safety Of The Candidate Cf Formulationmentioning

confidence: 96%

Innovative approach to mitigate aflatoxin and micronutrient problems in complementary foods (CFs) for health and economic wellbeing

Tiisekwa,

Suleiman,

Tiisekwa

2023

EAJSTI

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Complementary foods (CFs) provided to infants and young children (IYC) in sub-Saharan Africa contain ingredients that are susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Chronic dietary exposure to aflatoxins is associated with serious health consequences. CF for thin porridge was developed by combining seven ingredients namely, finger millet, soya beans, orange fleshed sweet potato, cassava, breadfruit, baobab and moringa aiming to produce a nutrient dense and aflatoxin safe CF. The developed formulation was evaluated for safety with a focus on total aflatoxin and aflatoxin B1 and microbiological parameters, fibre and micronutrients especially iron and zinc. After passing safety test, the formulations (normal and instant porridge types) were evaluated for acceptability, cookability preference and market performance. The formulated product passed safety and overall quality tests. Market response was very good suggesting that more work should be undertaken in the direction of scale up and dissemination for wider availability and use. Children and persons of other ages can now use a highly nutritional quality and guaranteed aflatoxin safe product.

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“…Existen cuatro tipos de AFs principales que son: AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 y AFG 2 . Se les ha denominado como B 1 (AFB 1 ), B 2 (AFB 2 ), G 1 (AFG 1 ) y G 2 (AFG 2 ), con base en su fluorescencia cuando se iluminan con luz ultravioleta, así como por la movilidad que presentan al analizarlas con cromoplacas de sílica fina (Mollay, Kimanya, Kassim & Stoltzfus, 2022). El hongo Aspergillus parasiticus produce los cuatro tipos de AFs, a diferencia de A. flavus que está limitado a la generación de AFB 1 y AFB 2 .…”

Section: Clasificación Y Características De Las Aflatoxinasunclassified

Las aflatoxinas, un tóxico que continúa presente en los alimentos y sus efectos biológicos en los humanos y en los animales

Espinosa-Plascencia

Bermúdez-Almada

2023

TIP RECQB

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Las aflatoxinas (AFs), son contaminantes naturales de los productos agrícolas y de otros alimentos, producidas por los hongos filamentosos Aspergillus flavus y A. parasiticus. Las condiciones ambientales cálidas y húmedas favorecen su desarrollo y producción. Las AFs ingresan al organismo por la ingesta de alimentos contaminados o indirectamente por el consumo de productos como leche, carne y huevos, entre otros, derivados de animales expuestos a una alimentación que contiene AFs. Son estables a temperaturas superiores a los 100 °C, tienen poca o nula descomposición durante los procesos de pasteurización, tostado y horneado. Poseen un importante potencial cancerígeno, mutagénico y teratogénico, que afecta a la salud humana y a la animal y son consideradas tóxicas y letales. Se clasifican como AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 y AFG2. Una vez ingeridas se inicia su metabolismo en el hígado, donde se produce un metabolito altamente reactivo, la AFB1-exo-8,9 epóxido (AFBO), responsable de la toxicidad aguda o crónica en el organismo, además de los metabolitos hidroxilados, AFM1 y AFM2, que se eliminan a través de la leche humana y la de los animales. Las AFs causan principalmente un daño hepático y la aparición de tumores. Este artículo aborda el tema de las AFs desde su composición química, clasificación, mecanismos de toxicidad, alimentos contaminados y daños a la salud humana y a la animal; destacando la necesidad de establecer regulaciones homologadas entre los países, para garantizar el cultivo, la importación y la exportación de los alimentos y los granos libres de AFs, seguros para el consumo humano y animal.

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Main complementary food ingredients contributing to aflatoxin exposure to infants and young children in Kongwa, Tanzania

Cited by 11 publications

References 63 publications

Improving Control Accuracy in Multi-Connected Digital Systems

Improving Control Accuracy in Multi-Connected Digital Systems

Innovative approach to mitigate aflatoxin and micronutrient problems in complementary foods (CFs) for health and economic wellbeing

Las aflatoxinas, un tóxico que continúa presente en los alimentos y sus efectos biológicos en los humanos y en los animales

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