Magnitude and frequency of debris flows, and areas of hazard on Mount Shasta, Northern California

Osterkamp, W. R.; Hupp, Cliff R.; Blodgett, J.C.

doi:10.3133/pp1396c

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Glacial streams on Mount Rainier erode through loose volcanic debris and sudden increases in discharge such as those that occur in outburst floods commonly mobilize this eroded material as debris flows. In the geological record for Mount Rainier, and similarly for other Cascade volcanoes such as Mount Shasta, California, U.S.A., stratigraphic evidence of debris flows (Osterkamp and others, 1985) indicates that these flows are seldom associated with eruptive activity (Crandell, 1971). The outburst floods at Mount Rainier apparently originate from below the glacier surface and no ice-dammed lakes have been observed on the mountain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glacier Outburst Floods at Mount Rainier, Washington State, U.S.A.

Driedger

Fountain

1989

Ann. Glaciol.

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During the twentieth century, glacial outburst floods have been the most destructive natural events on Mount Rainier, a stratovolcano in the Cascade Range in Washington State, U.S.A. In the period between 1930 and 1980 numerous floods were reported from five glaciers on the mountain, most of which flowed from Nisqually, Kautz, or South Tahoma Glaciers on its southern flank. Such floods threaten lives and property because they occur without warning and quickly mobilize the loose volcanic debris into debris flows.A monitoring program was begun in 1987 which was designed to measure the dimensions and timing of outburst floods, but this has been unsuccessful because no floods have yet occurred on the monitored streams. Four floods did burst from South Tahoma Glacier that was unmonitored, but in spite of this they have been useful in providing evidence of flood storage and release mechanisms. All flood volumes were found to be of approximately similar orders of magnitude, of 1 × 105 m3 of water, indicating that all floods probably had similar mechanisms for storage and release of water. Hydraulic pressure considerations indicate that such a large volume of flood water would be stored at the bed of the glacier rather than in isolated englacial cavities. The stepped bedrock terrain provides an ideal setting for the formation of subglacial cavities capable of storing the volumes of flood water noted.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glacier Outburst Floods at Mount Rainier, Washington State, U.S.A.

Driedger

Fountain

1989

Ann. Glaciol.

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“…À l'inverse, en cas de stress, l'arbre peut réagir par une diminution sensible de croissance (cerne ou succession de cernes étroits, réversible ou pas), pouvant conduire jusqu'à la mort de l'arbre. Par exemple, le déchaussement des racines, en perturbant l'apport en nutriments, peut provoquer une réduction de la croissance radiale aussi bien dans le tronc (LaMarche, 1968 ;McAuliffe et al, 2006) que dans les racines exposées (Osterkamp et al, 1986). L'impact des inondations ou des modifications durables des niveaux des plans d'eau peut également être traité en termes de croissance (Sigafoos, 1964 ;Stockton et Fritts, 1973 ;Stockton et Boggess, 1980 ;Smelko et Scheer, 2000).…”

Section: Typologie Des Réponsesunclassified

“…L'utilisation des cernes perturbés a été développée aux Etats-Unis (Shroder, 1978 ;Reeder, 1979 ;Jensen, 1983 ;Hupp, 1984 ;Osterkamp et al, 1986 ;Williams et al, 1992 ;Carrara et O'Neill, 2003 ;Wieczorek et al, 2006), au Canada (Clague et Souther, 1982 et au Japon (Kashiwaya et al, 1989). En Europe, la dendrogéomorphologie a permis la reconstitution de la fréquence et de l'extension des glissements de terrain dans les Alpes françaises (Braam et al, 1987 ;Astrade et al, 1998 ;Lopez Saez et al, 2010) et italiennes (Fantucci et McCord, 1995Fantucci et Sorriso-Valvo, 1999 ;Santili et Pelfini, 2002 ;Stefanini, 2004) et dans les Pyrénées espagnoles (Corominas et Moya, 1999).…”

Section: Glissements De Terrainunclassified

L’utilisation des cernes de croissance des arbres pour l’étude des événements et des changements morphologiques : intérêts, méthodes et apports des recherches alpines à la dendrogéomorphologie

Astrade¹,

Stoffel²,

Corona³

et al. 2012

geomorphologie

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Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement vol. 18 -n° 3 | 2012Varia L'utilisation des cernes de croissance des arbres pour l'étude des événements et des changements morphologiques : intérêts, méthodes et apports des recherches alpines à la dendrogéomorphologie Using tree rings to study events and morphological changes: relevance, methods, and contribution of Alpine research to dendrogeomorphology

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“…Expansion of human settlements and other infrastructure into mountainous areas may increase communities' exposure to potentially destructive debris fl ows. In the Cascade Range of the Pacifi c Northwest, proglacial areas on composite volcanoes are typically steep and mantled with ample unconsolidated material and are therefore prone to debris fl ows (Blodgett et al, 1996;O'Connor et al, 2001;Osterkamp et al, 1986;Sobieszczyk et al, 2009;Walder and Driedger, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periglacial debris-flow initiation and susceptibility and glacier recession from imagery, airborne LiDAR, and ground-based mapping

Lancaster¹,

Nolin²,

Copeland³

et al. 2012

Geosphere

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Climate changes in the Pacifi c Northwest, USA, may cause both retreat of alpine glaciers and increases in the frequency and magnitude of storms delivering rainfall at high elevations absent signifi cant snowpack, and both of these changes may affect the frequency and severity of destructive debris fl ows initiating on the region's composite volcanoes. A better understanding of debrisfl ow susceptibility on these volcanoes' slopes is therefore warranted. Field mapping and remote sensing data, including airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), were used to locate and characterize initiation sites of six debris fl ows that occurred during an "atmospheric river" event (warm wet storm) on Mount Rainier, Washington, in November 2006, and data from prior studies identifi ed six more debris fl ows that occurred in 2001-2005. These 12 debris fl ows had initiation sources at the heads of 17 gullies distributed over seven distinct initiation zones near the termini of glaciers, and all debris-fl ow initiation sites were located within areas exposed by glacier retreat in the past century. Gully locations were identifi ed by their steep walls and heads on a 1-m digital elevation model (DEM) from LiDAR data collected in 2007-2008. Gullies in which debris fl ows initiated were differentiated from numerous non-initiating gullies primarily by the greater upslope contributing areas of the former. Initiation mechanisms were inferred from pre-and post-2006 gully width measurements from aerial photos and the LiDAR DEM, respectively, fi eld observations of gully banks, and elevation changes calculated from repeated LiDAR, and these data indicate that debris fl ows were initiated by distributed sources, including bank mass failures, related to ero-sion by overland fl ow of water. Using gullyhead initiation sites for debris fl ows that occurred during 2001-2006, a data model was developed to explore the viability of the method for characterization of debris-fl ow initiation susceptibilities on Mount Rainier. The initiation sites were found to occupy a restricted part of the four-dimensional space defi ned by mean and standard deviation of simulated glacial meltwater fl ow, slope angle, and minimum distance to an area of recent (1994-2008) glacier retreat. The model identifi es the heads of most gullies, including all sites of known debris-fl ow initiation, as highsusceptibility areas, but does not appear to differentiate between areas of varying gullyhead density or between debris-fl ow and no-debris-fl ow gullies. The model and fi eld data, despite limitations, do provide insight into debris-fl ow processes, as well as feasible methods for mapping and assessment of debris-fl ow susceptibilities on periglacial areas of the Cascade Range.

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Magnitude and frequency of debris flows, and areas of hazard on Mount Shasta, Northern California

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

Glacier Outburst Floods at Mount Rainier, Washington State, U.S.A.

Glacier Outburst Floods at Mount Rainier, Washington State, U.S.A.

L’utilisation des cernes de croissance des arbres pour l’étude des événements et des changements morphologiques : intérêts, méthodes et apports des recherches alpines à la dendrogéomorphologie

Periglacial debris-flow initiation and susceptibility and glacier recession from imagery, airborne LiDAR, and ground-based mapping

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