Magnitude and distribution of acute, self-reported gastrointestinal illness in a Canadian community

Majowicz, Shannon E.; Doré, Kathryn; Flint, James; Edge, Victoria L.; Read, Susan; Buffett, M C; McEwen, Scott A.; McNab, W. Bruce; Stacey, Deborah; Sockett, Paul; Wilson, Jeff

doi:10.1017/s0950268804002353

Cited by 94 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Similar to burden-ofillness surveys conducted in developed countries (2,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9) and in developing countries (21-23), children had a higher overall risk than adults. Stratifying the data revealed some interesting findings.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

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Burden of Self-reported Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Cuba

Prieto¹,

Finley

Muchaal

et al. 2009

J Health Popul Nutr

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Acute gastrointestinal illness is an important public-health issue worldwide. Burden-of-illness studies have not previously been conducted in Cuba. The objective of the study was to determine the magnitude, distribution, and burden of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness in Cuba. A retrospective, cross-sectional survey was conducted in three sentinel sites during June-July 2005 (rainy season) and during November 2005-January 2006 (dry season). Households were randomly selected from a list maintained by the medical offices in each site. One individual per household was selected to complete a questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. The case definition was three or more bouts of loose stools in a 24-hour period within the last 30 days. In total, 97.3% of 6,576 interviews were completed. The overall prevalence of acute gastrointestinal illness was 10.6%. The risk of acute gastrointestinal illness was higher during the rainy season (odds ratio [OR]=3.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.18-4.66) in children (OR=3.12, 95% CI 2.24-4.36) and teens (OR=2.27, 95% CI 1.51-3.41) compared to people aged 25-54 years, in males (OR=1.24, 95% CI 1.04-1.47), and in the municipality of Santiago de Cuba (OR=1.33, 95% CI 1.11-1.61). Of 680 cases, 17.1-38.1% visited a physician, depending on sentinel site. Of the cases who visited a physician, 33.3-53.9% were requested to submit a stool sample, and of those, 72.7-100.0% complied. Of the cases who sought medical care, 16.7-61.5% and 0-31.6% were treated with antidiarrhoeals and antibiotics respectively. Acute gastrointestinal illness represented a substantial burden of health compared to developed countries. Targeting the identified risk factors when allocating resources for education, food safety, and infrastructure might lower the morbidity associated with acute gastrointestinal illness.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…In developed countries, estimates of monthly prevalence range from 4.5% to 11% (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9). Although illness is typically mild and self-limiting, acute gastrointestinal illness imposes a substantial economic burden to the population and healthcare system (3)(4)(5)9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Burden of Self-reported Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Cuba

Prieto¹,

Finley

Muchaal

et al. 2009

J Health Popul Nutr

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“…laboratory confirmed but not reported to local/provincial/territorial public health and national surveillance systems) and underdiagnosis (i.e. those who do not seek medical care, sample is not submitted, tested or found positive for causative pathogen) based on data from Canadian National Studies on Acute Gastrointestinal Illness (NSAGI) population, laboratory and public health reporting surveys [38][39][40][41][42]. An alternative approach was used for estimating VTEC non-O157 cases, which is not routinely identified and reported in Canada.…”

Section: Estimating Total Illnesses Hospitalizations and Deathsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada

et al. 2017

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SUMMARYEnteric pathogens are commonly known to be transmitted through food or water; however, contact with animals is another important transmission route. This study estimated the annual burden of illness attributable to animal contact for eight enteric pathogens in Canada. Using data from a Canadian expert elicitation on transmission routes, the proportion of enteric illnesses attributable to animal contact was estimated for each pathogen to estimate the annual number of illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths in Canada. For each estimate, a mean and probability intervals were generated. Of all illnesses caused by these eight pathogens, 16% were estimated attributable to animal contact. This estimate translates to 86 000 (31 000-166 000) illnesses, 488 (186-890) hospitalizations and 12 (2-28) deaths annually for the eight pathogens combined. Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of illnesses annually, with an estimated 38 000 (14 000-71 000) illnesses occurring each year, followed by non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (17 000, 6000-32 000). The majority of hospitalizations were attributable to non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (36%) and Campylobacter spp. (31%). Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (28%) and Listeria monocytogenes (31%) were responsible for the majority of the estimated deaths. These results identify farm animal and pet/pet food exposure as key pathways of transmission for several pathogens. The estimated burden of illness associated with animal contact is substantial.

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“…The number of reported cases of disease is a poor estimation of the magnitude of these infections. It is estimated that, for every case reported in Canada through the current notifiable disease system, there are approximately 314 cases of infectious gastrointestinal disease in the community (MAJOWICZ et al, 2004). Studies from other developed countries have reported that about 15% to 30% of acute gastroenteritis cases consult a physician and as many as 4% are hospitalized (WHEELER et al, 1999;KUUSI et al, 2003, SCALLAN et al, 2004.…”

Section: Ocularmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The total incidence of gastrointestinal disease in industrialized countries has been estimated at 0.5 to 1 episode per person-year and Canadian epidemiological studies have reported rates of gastrointestinal illnesses at a level of about 0.7 episode/person-year. A recent Health Canada study reported an incidence of roughly 1.3 case of enteric disease per person each year in Canada (MAJOWICZ et al, 2004). In the late 90s, two Canadian studies suggested that 35 to 50% of gastrointestinal illness cases were associated with treated drinking water that met Canadian drinking water guidelines (PAYMENT et al, 1997).…”

Section: Ocularmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne Pathogens: A Critical Assessment of Methods, Results and Data Analysis

Payment

Pintar

2006

rseau

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Humans harbour a variety of pathogens that are often transmitted from other animal species. A few are localized in tropical areas, but most enteric pathogens are present everywhere on the planet and they travel with their hosts to distant locations. Several of these microorganisms are transmitted by water that has been contaminated by fecal matter, whereas some are normally found in water but, given an opportunity, will cause disease (i.e., opportunistic pathogens). While waterborne outbreaks have been reported for many pathogens, assessing the proportion of the disease burden to a specific route and pathogen has proven quite elusive. Surveillance of disease in populations, even when actively done, is very inaccurate as it often gathers data on the most acute cases that are only a very small proportion of the true number of infected individuals. There are several issues discussed herein, focusing on the needs and gaps linked to waterborne pathogen monitoring. The benefits and weaknesses of current and emerging methodologies are discussed, in addition to the appropriateness of allocating resources to waterborne pathogen monitoring. The most critical gap is the lack of validation of most methods used in environmental microbiology for the detection of pathogens. Data generated by various laboratories are currently extremely difficult to compare and cannot serve as the basis for risk assessment or management. The issue of laboratory capacity is also raised, within the context of the availability of trained personnel, the application of QA/QC protocols, and accreditation on a national level. In closing, needs are identified for informed communication of the risks of waterborne pathogens, the training of highly qualified personnel, and the development and standardization of methods that will ultimately enhance water safety and public health protection.De nombreux microorganismes pathogènes entériques affectent l’homme et certains peuvent être acquis d’autres espèces animales. Certains sont spécifiques aux régions tropicales, mais la plupart des microorganismes entériques sont les mêmes partout sur la planète, voyageant avec leurs hôtes aux coins les plus reculés. Ils se retrouvent dans l’eau contaminée par les matières fécales excrétées. D’autres sont indigènes au milieu hydrique et sont des opportunistes, causant la maladie chez les individus susceptibles. Par la surveillance des épidémies associées à l’eau, on a pu facilement identifier ceux qui sont importants en santé publique. Il est cependant beaucoup plus difficile d’attribuer quelle part du fardeau de la maladie peut être attribuée à une voie d’exposition spécifique. La surveillance de la maladie dans les populations, même lorsqu’elle est active, est très imprécise puisqu’elle ne collige que les données sur les cas les plus graves, soit une faible partie du nombre réel d’individus infectés. À des fins de santé publique, il y a plusieurs aspects, incluant des besoins et des manques, associés au suivi des microorganismes pathogènes dans l’eau. Les bénéfices et fa...

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Magnitude and distribution of acute, self-reported gastrointestinal illness in a Canadian community

Cited by 94 publications

References 36 publications

Burden of Self-reported Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Cuba

Burden of Self-reported Acute Gastrointestinal Illness in Cuba

Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada

Waterborne Pathogens: A Critical Assessment of Methods, Results and Data Analysis

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