Magnitude and associated factors of postpartum depression among women in Nekemte town, East Wollega zone, west Ethiopia, 2019: A community-based study

Abstract

BackgroundPostpartum depression is a non-psychotic disorder that happens during the first 1year after childbirth. It affects both the mother’s health and child’s development and is given significant public health concern in developed countries. However, in developing countries including Ethiopia, postnatal care is mainly concerned with obstetric problems and the baby’s health, while the psychological well-being of the mother is given little attention. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of postpartum depression among women in Nekemte town, East Wollega zone, West Ethiopia, 2019.MethodsCommunity-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 295 postnatal women, from May 15 to June 5, 2019, in Nekemte town. The study participants were selected by a simple random sampling method and interviewed using structured questionnaires. Multivariable logistic regression was used to find the independent variables which are associated with postnatal depression. All associations between dependent and independent variables and statistical significance were measured using odds ratio at 95% confidence interval and p-value less than 0.05.ResultsFrom the total of 295 women sampled, 287 were participated in the study. Out of these 287 women participated, 20.9% had developed postnatal depression. Unplanned pregnancy (AOR = 7.84, 95% CI: 3.19, 19.26), Being first time mother (AOR = 4.99, 95% CI: 1.54, 16.09), History of previous depression (AOR = 3.06, 95% CI: 1.06, 8.82), Domestic violence (AOR = 5.92, 95% CI: 2.44, 14.40), History of substance use (AOR = 3.95, 95% CI: 1.52, 10.30) and poor social support (AOR = 6.59, 95% CI: 2.25, 19.29) were significantly associated with postnatal depression.ConclusionIn this study, the magnitude of postnatal depression was found moderate compared to other studies. Perinatal depression screening and intervention need to be integrated with maternal health care services, especially for mothers at risk of postnatal depression.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Depression in Postnatal Women in the Case of a Low-Income Country; Ethiopia, 2020

“…In this meta-analysis, a total of sixteen studies that assessed the prevalence of postpartum depression (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36) and fourteen studies that assessed the associated factors (21,22,24,(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)59) had been analyzed. A total of 11400 postpartum women had participated in this analysis.…”

“…A total of 11400 postpartum women had participated in this analysis. Region-wise, six (26,28,29,34,36,59), six (22-25, 32, 35), three (21,31,33), one (27) and one (30) of the studies were from the southern part of Ethiopia, Amhara region, Oromia region, Addis Ababa and Tigray respectively. Of included studies three (26,34,36), ten (21-24, 27, 29-32, 35), and another three (25,28,33) utilized PHQ-9, EPDS, and SRQ-20 to asses depression in the postnatal women.…”

“…Of included studies three (26,34,36), ten (21-24, 27, 29-32, 35), and another three (25,28,33) utilized PHQ-9, EPDS, and SRQ-20 to asses depression in the postnatal women. Besides regarding, the design type of the study; eight (21,23,25,28,(32)(33)(34)36), seven (22,24,27,(29)(30)(31)35) and one (26) were communitybased cross-sectional, institution-based cross-sectional and cohort in respective order. Besides, six of the studies (23,25,27,28,30,34) employed a multi-stage sampling method during data collection.…”

“…Another systematic review and meta-analysis study in India which assessed 38 studies reported a pooled prevalence of postpartum depression to be 22% (10). Moreover, other individual studies reported earlier showed that postpartum depression was 17.6% in Portugal (11), 27.3% in China(12), 61.4% in Korea(13), 18.6% in Qatar(14), 34.8% in Iraq(15), 34% in Jamaica(16) ,15.4% in Turkey (17), 13.5% and 10.3% in Oman(18), 31.7% in South Africa (19), and 43% in Uganda (20).In Ethiopia, the prevalence of postpartum depression varies between 12.2-33.8% (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36).…”

“…Poor social support (37), poverty (38), and childbirth without the presence of relatives (39), history of depression (40), and poor woman autonomy (41) from socio-demographic variables, multi-parity (42), prime-parity (43,44), multiple children at home (45), negative attitude toward to one's pregnancy (22,(46)(47)(48)(49), depression during pregnancy (42,50), premarital pregnancy (51,52), miscarriage (53), and prenatal high anxiety(47) from pregnancy and newborn related factors, alcohol use in the husband (54), intimate partner violence (22,55,56), poor husbands education (45), husbands unemployment (46,57), and psychiatric problems in the husband (58) among husband related factors were among the associated factors for the development of postpartum depression. In the context of Ethiopia too, poor marital relation (27,29,32,34,35,59), unplanned pregnancy (21,22,24,27,29,32,34), previous history of depression (21,27,28,34), domestic violence…”