Abstract:Multi-functionalized carbon nanomaterials have attracted interest owing to their excellent synergic properties, such as plasmon resonance energy transfer and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Particularly, nanoparticle (NP)-decorated graphene (GRP) has been applied in various fields. In this study, silver NP (AgNP)- and magnetic iron oxide NP (IONP)-decorated GRP were prepared and utilized as biosensing platforms. In this case, AgNPs and GRP exhibit plasmonic properties, whereas IONPs exhibit magnetic propert… Show more
“…In order to further enhance the detection of exosomes with high sensitivity and selectivity, Lee et al have developed a strategy using silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and magnetic iron oxide NP (IONP) decorated on nanoparticle-decorated graphene (GRP) based biosensing platforms for detecting prostate-cancercell-derived exosome (PC-exosome) (Figure 7B). 84 The hybrid nanomaterial consisting of AgNPs, IONP and GRP enabled the system to function as a magneto-plasmonic substrate for magnetofluoro-immunosensing (MFI) system. In this approach, the anti-prostate-specific antigen was immobilized on the Ag/IO-GRP and the PC-exosomes are separated from the sample using an external magnetic force.…”
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles derived from cells, are known to carry important bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These bioactive components play crucial roles in cell signaling, immune response, and tumor metastasis, making exosomes potential diagnostic biomarkers for various diseases. However, current methods for detecting tumor exosomes face scientific challenges including low sensitivity, poor specificity, complicated procedures, and high costs. It is essential to surmount these obstacles to enhance the precision and dependability of diagnostics that rely on exosomes. Merging DNA signal amplification techniques with the signal boosting capabilities of nanomaterials presents an encouraging strategy to overcome these constraints and improve exosome detection. This article highlights the use of DNA signal amplification technology and nanomaterials' signal enhancement effect to improve the detection of exosomes. This review seeks to offer valuable perspectives for the enhancement of amplification methods applied in practical cancer diagnosis and prognosis by providing an overview of how these novel technologies are utilized in exosome-based diagnostic procedures.
“…In order to further enhance the detection of exosomes with high sensitivity and selectivity, Lee et al have developed a strategy using silver nanoparticles (AgNP) and magnetic iron oxide NP (IONP) decorated on nanoparticle-decorated graphene (GRP) based biosensing platforms for detecting prostate-cancercell-derived exosome (PC-exosome) (Figure 7B). 84 The hybrid nanomaterial consisting of AgNPs, IONP and GRP enabled the system to function as a magneto-plasmonic substrate for magnetofluoro-immunosensing (MFI) system. In this approach, the anti-prostate-specific antigen was immobilized on the Ag/IO-GRP and the PC-exosomes are separated from the sample using an external magnetic force.…”
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles derived from cells, are known to carry important bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. These bioactive components play crucial roles in cell signaling, immune response, and tumor metastasis, making exosomes potential diagnostic biomarkers for various diseases. However, current methods for detecting tumor exosomes face scientific challenges including low sensitivity, poor specificity, complicated procedures, and high costs. It is essential to surmount these obstacles to enhance the precision and dependability of diagnostics that rely on exosomes. Merging DNA signal amplification techniques with the signal boosting capabilities of nanomaterials presents an encouraging strategy to overcome these constraints and improve exosome detection. This article highlights the use of DNA signal amplification technology and nanomaterials' signal enhancement effect to improve the detection of exosomes. This review seeks to offer valuable perspectives for the enhancement of amplification methods applied in practical cancer diagnosis and prognosis by providing an overview of how these novel technologies are utilized in exosome-based diagnostic procedures.
“…The study showed that PSMA was over-expressed in patients with prostate cancer, indicating the exosomes in serum as a useful biomarker for the diagnosis [ 193 ]. In another study, an anti-prostate-specific antigen (tetraspanin) was immobilized onto Ag/Fe 3 O 4 /graphene surface to isolate prostate cancer-specific exosomes [ 194 ]. The antibody was conjugated to a dye, and depending on the exosomal concentration, the fluorescence intensity varied.…”
The increasing research and rapid developments in the field of exosomes provide insights into their role and significance in human health. Exosomes derived from various sources, such as mesenchymal stem cells, cardiac cells, and tumor cells, to name a few, can be potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases and could also serve as biomarkers for the early detection of diseases. Cellular components of exosomes, several proteins, lipids, and miRNAs hold promise as novel biomarkers for the detection of various diseases. The structure of exosomes enables them as drug delivery vehicles. Since exosomes exhibit potential therapeutic applications, their efficient isolation from complex biological/clinical samples and precise real-time analysis becomes significant. With the advent of microfluidics, nano-biosensors are being designed to capture exosomes efficiently and rapidly. Herein, we have summarized the history, biogenesis, characteristics, functions, and applications of exosomes, along with the isolation, detection, and quantification techniques. The implications of surface modifications to enhance specificity have been outlined. The review also sheds light on the engineered nanoplatforms being developed for exosome detection and capture.
“…Inhibition of the process of DNA replacement by the captured p53 protein on the DNA consensus domain provided a decrease in fluorescent emission. Another promising approach for cancer detection war presented by Lee et al [ 77 ], who developed cancer-cell-derived exosomes biosensor via the magnetofluoro-immunosensing (MFI) system using hybrid Ag/iron oxide NP-decorated graphene (Ag/IO-GRP) without purification and concentration processes. The authors successfully detected a prostate-cancer-cell-derived exosome from non-purified exosomes in a culture media sample in a concentration range from 10 2 NPs·mL −1 to 10 6 NPs·mL −1 .…”
Section: Synthetic Magnetic Nanoparticlesmentioning
Magnetic nanocarriers have attracted attention in translational oncology due to their ability to be employed both for tumor diagnostics and therapy. This review summarizes data on applications of synthetic and biogenic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in oncological theranostics and related areas. The basics of both types of MNPs including synthesis approaches, structure, and physicochemical properties are discussed. The properties of synthetic MNPs and biogenic MNPs are compared with regard to their antitumor therapeutic efficiency, diagnostic potential, biocompatibility, and cellular toxicity. The comparative analysis demonstrates that both synthetic and biogenic MNPs could be efficiently used for cancer theranostics, including biosensorics and drug delivery. At the same time, reduced toxicity of biogenic particles was noted, which makes them advantageous for in vivo applications, such as drug delivery, or MRI imaging of tumors. Adaptability to surface modification based on natural biochemical processes is also noted, as well as good compatibility with tumor cells and proliferation in them. Advances in the bionanotechnology field should lead to the implementation of MNPs in clinical trials.
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